Imincili yeNeurotransmitters

Umxholo

• Izithambisi
• Zisebenza njani ii-neurotransmitters?
• Zenza ntoni i-neurotransmitters
• Imincili neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine
• Epinephrine
• Glutamate
• Imbali
• Dopamine
• Ezinye ii-neurotransmitters
• Inorepinephrin
• I-Gamma-aminobutyric acid
• ISerotonin
• Ukuphazamiseka okunxulunyaniswe neeurotransmitters
• Yise kude

Izithambisi

I-Neurotransmitters idlala indima ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwe-neural. Bangabathunywa bemichiza abaphatha imiyalezo phakathi kweeseli zemithambo-luvo (iiseli zemithambo-luvo) kunye nezinye iiseli emzimbeni wakho, zichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwiimvakalelo ukuya kwiintshukumo ezingazibandakanyi. Le nkqubo ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yi-neurotransuction okanye ukuhanjiswa kwe-synaptic.

Ngokukodwa, ii-neurotransmitters ezivuselelayo zineziphumo ezichwayitisayo kwi-neuron. Oku kuthetha ukuba bonyusa amathuba okuba i-neuron itshise umqondiso obizwa ngokuba sisenzo esinokubakho kwi-neuron yokufumana.

I-Neurotransmitters zinokusebenza ngeendlela ezinokuqikelelwa, kodwa zinokuchaphazeleka kwiziyobisi, izifo, kunye nokunxibelelana nabanye abathunywa bemichiza.

Zisebenza njani ii-neurotransmitters?

Ukuthumela imiyalezo kuwo wonke umzimba, ii-neurons kufuneka zidlulise imiqondiso yokunxibelelana. Kodwa akukho nxu lumano lomnye nomnye, kuphela isithuba esincinci. Le ndlela yokudibana phakathi kweeseli ezimbini zemithambo-luvo ibizwa ngokuba yi-synapse.

Ukunxibelelana neseli elandelayo, i-neuron ithumela umqondiso kwi-synapse ngokusasazeka kwe-neurotransmitter.

Zenza ntoni i-neurotransmitters

I-Neurotransmitters ichaphazela ii-neurons kwenye yeendlela ezintathu: zinokuba yimincili, zithintele, okanye zimodareyitha. Isidlulisi esivuyisayo senza umqondiso obizwa ngokuba sisenzo esinokubakho kwi-neuron yokufumana. Isixhobo esidlulisayo sithintela oko. I-Neuromodulators ilawula amaqela eeuron.

1. Imincili neurotransmitters zinefuthe lokuchwayita kwi-neuron. Oku kuthetha ukuba bonyusa amathuba okuba i-neuron itshise isenzo esinokubakho.
2. Izithintelo ze-neurotransmitters baneziphumo zokuthintela kwi-neuron. Oku kuthetha ukuba banciphise amathuba okuba i-neuron itshise isenzo.
3. Iimodyuli zeemodyuli zemodyuli inokuchaphazela inani leemithambo-luvo ngaxeshanye kunye nefuthe lezinye iikhemikhali.

Ezinye ii-neurotransmitters, ezinjenge-dopamine, kuxhomekeka kwii-receptors ezikhoyo, zenza zombini iziphumo zokuchwayita kunye nokuthintela.

Imincili neurotransmitters

Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo nezicacileyo zokuqondwa kwee-neurotransmitters ezibandakanya:

Acetylcholine

Le yi-neurotransmitter evuselelayo efumaneka kuyo yonke inkqubo yovalo. Omnye wemisebenzi yayo emininzi kukukhuthaza izihlunu, kubandakanya nezo zesisu kunye nenkqubo ye-autonomic nervous.

Ngaba uqhelene neenaliti zeBotox zokuthambisa? Zisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa imibimbi ngokukhubaza okwethutyana izihlunu ezithile. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ityhefu ye-botulinum ukukhulula izihlunu endaweni ngokuthintela ii-neurons ezikuloo ndawo ekukhutshweni kwe-acetylcholine.

Epinephrine

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-adrenaline, i-epinephrine yintsholongwane eyonwabisayo eveliswa ngamadlala adrenal. Kukhutshwa egazini ukulungiselela umzimba wakho kwiimeko eziyingozi ngokwandisa izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo yakho, uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nemveliso yeglucose.

Ngaba uqhelene nempendulo yokulwa-okanye-yokubaleka? I-Adrenaline inceda iinkqubo zakho zeemvakalelo kunye ne-endocrine ukulungiselela iimeko ezigwenxa apho unokwenza isigqibo sokulwa okanye sokubaleka.

Glutamate

Le yeyona neurotransmitter ixhaphakileyo kwinkqubo yovalo. Yi-neurotransmitter evuselelayo kwaye ihlala iqinisekisa ukulinganisela kunye neziphumo ze-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isithintelo se-neurotransmitter.

Imbali

Le yi-neurotransmitter evuselelayo ebandakanyeka ikakhulu kwiimpendulo zokuvuvukala, i-vasodilation, kunye nommiselo wempendulo yakho yomzimba kumaqumrhu angaphandle anjengezinto ezingavumiyo.

Dopamine

I-Dopamine ineempembelelo zombini ezinomdla kunye nokuthintela. Inxulunyaniswa neendlela zomvuzo kwingqondo.

Iziyobisi ezinje ngecocaine, heroin, kunye notywala zinokunyusa okwethutyana amanqanaba egazini. Oku kunyuka kungakhokelela ekubeni iiseli zemithambo-luvo zidubule ngokungaqhelekanga ezinokubangela ukunxila kunye nokuqonda kunye nemicimbi yokugxila.

Imfihlo eqhelekileyo yedopamine egazini lakho inokuba negalelo ekukhuthazeni.

Ezinye ii-neurotransmitters

Inorepinephrin

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-noradrenaline, i-norepinephrin yeyona neurotransmitter iphambili kwinkqubo yovelwano yemfesane apho isebenza ukulawula ukubetha kwentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukusebenza kwesibindi kunye neminye imisebenzi.

I-Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-GABA, i-gamma-aminobutyric acid yithintelo le-neurotransmitter elisebenza njengesiqhoboshi kwii-neurotransmitters ezivuselelayo. I-GABA inokusasazeka ngokubanzi kwingqondo kwaye inendima enkulu ekunciphiseni ukonwaba kwe-neuronal kuyo yonke inkqubo yeemvakalelo.

ISerotonin

I-Serotonin yi-neurotransmitter engathinteliyo ebandakanyekayo kwiimvakalelo nakwimood, ilungelelanisa imiphumo ye-neurotransmitter egqithisileyo kwingqondo yakho. I-Serotonin ikwalawula iinkqubo, ezinje ngomjikelo wokulala, iminqweno ye-carbohydrate, ukwetyisa ukutya, kunye nolawulo lweentlungu.

Ukuphazamiseka okunxulunyaniswe neeurotransmitters

Uninzi lweeurotransmitters zinxulunyaniswe nenani leengxaki.

• Isifo se-Alzheimer sinxulunyaniswe nokungabikho kwe-acetylcholine nakwimimandla ethile yobuchopho.
• I-Schizophrenia inxulunyaniswe nezixa ezigqithileyo zedopamine kwindlela ye-mesolimbic yengqondo.
• Isifo sikaParkinson sinxulunyaniswe nedopamine encinci kwiindawo zeemoto zengqondo.
• Isifo sokuwa kunye nesifo sikaHuntington siye sanxulunyaniswa nokuthotywa kweGABA kwingqondo.
• Ukuphazamiseka kwemood njengokuxhalaba kunxulunyaniswe.
• Ukuphazamiseka kwemood njengokudakumba kwendoda, ixhala, kunye nokungalali kakuhle komjikelo wokulala kunxulunyaniswe ne (norepinephrine) kunye nezinye i-neurotransmitters.

Yise kude

Kukho amawaka ezigidi zeemolekyuli ze-neurotransmitter ezisebenza rhoqo ukugcina ukusebenza kwengqondo yakho kunye nokulawula yonke into ukusuka ekuphefumlweni kwakho ukuya kwintliziyo yakho ukubanakho ukugxila.

Ukuqonda indlela ezinxibelelana ngayo iiseli zemithambo-luvo, kunye nokonyuka nokuncipha kwee-neurotransmitters kuyichaphazela njani impilo-ntle yethu ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo, kunceda abaphandi kunye noogqirha ukuba bafumane iindlela zokusenza sonwabe kwaye sibe sempilweni.