Usasazeka ngokukhawuleza njani umhlaza

Umxholo

• Ushwankathelo
• Kutheni umhlaza usasazeka
• Ukukhawulezisa ukusasazeka komhlaza
• Ngawaphi amanqanaba anento yokwenza nokusasazeka komhlaza
• Ukukhula kwesisu kunye nokusasazeka
• Izidumbu zeBenign
• Amathumba amabi
• Usebenza njani unyango ukunqanda ukusasazeka komhlaza
• Ugqirha
• Unyango ngemitha
• Unyango ngamayeza
• Unyango ekujoliswe kulo
• Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy
• Ukutshintshwa kweseli okanye umongo wethambo
• Ukuthatha

Ushwankathelo

Imizimba yethu yenziwe ngezigidi zezigidi zeeseli. Ngokwesiqhelo, iiseli ezintsha zithatha indawo yeeseli ezindala okanye ezonakeleyo njengoko zisifa.

Ngamanye amaxesha, i-DNA yeseli iyonakala. Amajoni omzimba anokukwazi ukulawula inani elincinci leeseli ezingaqhelekanga ukusuka komnye umonakalo kwimizimba yethu.

Umhlaza wenzeka xa kukho iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ezingaphaya kunesistim yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Endaweni yokufa, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ziyaqhubeka nokukhula zize zahlule, zifumbe ngendlela yamathumba. Ekugqibeleni, oko kukhula ngaphandle kolawulo kubangela ukuba iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zingene kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo.

Kukho iintlobo zomhlaza ezichazwe kwizicubu okanye amalungu apho avela khona. Bonke banako ukusasaza, kodwa abanye banobukrakra kunabanye.

Qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufunde ukuba umhlaza usasazeka njani, ukuba ihlelwe njani, kunye nendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango ezisebenza ngayo.

Kutheni umhlaza usasazeka

Iiseli zomhlaza aziphenduli kwimiqondiso ebaxelela ukuba lixesha lokuba bafe, ke ziyaqhubeka ukwahlula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziphindaphinde. Kwaye bahle kakhulu ekufihleni amajoni omzimba.

Xa iiseli zomhlaza zisaqulathwe kwizicubu apho zakhula khona, ibizwa ngokuba yi-carcinoma in situ (CIS). Nje ukuba ezo seli ziphume ngaphandle kwenwebu yethishu, ibizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza.

Ukusasazeka komhlaza ukusuka apho waqala kwenye indawo kubizwa ngokuba yimastastasis. Nokuba ungasasazeka phi na emzimbeni, umhlaza usabizwa ngegama apho uvela khona. Umzekelo, umhlaza wedlala lobudoda osele unwenwele esibindini, ngumhlaza webele, hayi umhlaza wesibindi, kwaye unyango luyakubonisa oko.

Ngelixa amathumba aqinileyo luphawu lweentlobo ezininzi zomhlaza, akusoloko kunjalo. Umzekelo, ii-leukemias ngumhlaza wegazi oogqirha ababiza ngokuba "ngamathumba alulwelo."

Ngokuchanekileyo apho iiseli zomhlaza ziya kusasazeka ngokulandelayo zixhomekeke kwindawo yazo emzimbeni, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba zisasaze kufutshane kuqala. Umhlaza unokusasazeka nge:

• Izicubu. Ithumba elikhulayo linokutyhala ngokusebenzisa izicubu ezijikelezileyo okanye kwizitho. Iiseli zomhlaza ezivela kwithumba lokuqala zinokuqhekeka kwaye zenze amathumba amatsha kufutshane.
• Inkqubo ye-lymph. Iiseli zomhlaza ezivela kwithumba zinokungena kwii-lymph node ezikufuphi. Ukusuka apho, banokuhamba yonke inkqubo ye-lymph kwaye baqale amathumba amatsha kwamanye amalungu omzimba.
• Ukuhamba kwegazi. Amathumba aqinileyo afuna ioksijini kunye nezinye izondlo ukuze akhule. Ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-angiogenesis, amathumba anokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwemithambo yegazi emitsha ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwabo. Iiseli zinokungena egazini zize ziye kwiindawo ezikude.

Ukukhawulezisa ukusasazeka komhlaza

Iiseli zomhlaza ezinomonakalo wemfuza (ezingafaniyo) zihlala zikhula ngokukhawuleza kuneeseli zomhlaza ezinomonakalo omncinci kwimfuza (zahlulwe kakuhle). Ngokusekwe kwindlela engaqhelekanga ebonakala ngayo phantsi kwemicroscope, amathumba ahlelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• I-GX: ayimiselwanga
• I-G1: yahlulwe kakuhle okanye inqanaba elisezantsi
• I-G2: eyahlulwe ngokuphakathi okanye inqanaba eliphakathi
• I-G3: yahlulwe kakubi okanye inqanaba eliphezulu
• I-G4: ayinantlukwano okanye inqanaba eliphezulu

Eminye imihlaza yomhlaza ekhula kancinci yile:

• Umhlaza webele, njenge-estrogen receptor-positive (i-ER +) kunye nokukhula kwephermermal factor factor 2-negative (HER2-)
• Ileukemia enganyangekiyo ye-lymphocytic (CLL)
• Umhlaza wekolon kunye nowe-rectal
• uninzi lweentlobo zomhlaza wedlala lobudoda

Eminye imihlaza, njengomhlaza wedlala lobudoda, inokukhula kancinci kancinci kangangokuba ugqirha unokucebisa ngendlela "yokulinda ulindile" kunonyango olukhawulezileyo. Abanye abanakuze bafune unyango.

Imizekelo yomhlaza okhula ngokukhawuleza ibandakanya:

• i-leukemia ene-lymphoblastic (ALL) kunye ne-leukemia ye-myeloid (AML)
• ezithile zomhlaza webele, ezinje ngomhlaza webele wokukrala (IBC) kunye nomhlaza webele onengxaki kathathu (TNBC)
• B-cell lymphoma enkulu
• umhlaza wemiphunga
• Umhlaza webala lobudoda onqabileyo ofana neecellcinomas ezincinci okanye iiseli ezinesifo semiphunga

Ukuba nomhlaza okhula ngokukhawuleza akuthethi ukuba unesifo esibi. Uninzi lwale mihlaza lunokunyangwa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwaye eminye imihlaza ayinyuki ngokukhawuleza, kodwa mancinci amathuba okuba ibhaqwe de ibe ine-metastasized.

Ngawaphi amanqanaba anento yokwenza nokusasazeka komhlaza

Umhlaza uhlelwa ngokobungakanani besisu kunye nokuba sele usasazeke kangakanani ngexesha lokuchongwa. Amanqanaba anceda oogqirha ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba loluphi unyango olunokuthi lusebenze kwaye banike umbono ngokubanzi.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zokubeka kwaye ezinye zichaphazela iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza. Oku kulandelayo ngamanqanaba asisiseko omhlaza:

• Endaweni yokuhlala. Iiseli ezinomhlaza zifunyenwe, kodwa azinwenwanga kwizicwili ezijikelezileyo.
• Yenziwe yaNgingqi. Iiseli ezinomhlaza azisasazekanga ngaphaya apho zaqala khona.
• Ingingqi. Umhlaza uye wasasazeka kwii-lymph node ezikufuphi, izicubu, okanye amalungu.
• Ukude. Umhlaza ufikelele kwizitho ezikude okanye izicwili.
• Ayaziwa. Akukho lwazi lwaneleyo ukumisela inqanaba.

Okanye:

• Inqanaba 0 okanye iCIS. Kufunyenwe iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kodwa azange zisasazeke kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-precancer.
• Amanqanaba 1, 2, no-3. Ukuxilongwa komhlaza kuqinisekisiwe. Amanani amele ukuba likhule njani ithumba lokuqala kunye nokuba umhlaza usasazeke kangakanani.
• Inqanaba 4. Umhlaza uye wasasazeka kwiindawo ezikude zomzimba.

Ingxelo yakho yezifo inokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-TNM yokubonelela, enika ulwazi oluthe kratya ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

T: Ubungakanani besisu sokuqala

• I-TX: ithumba lokuqala alinakulinganiswa
• I-T0: ithumba lokuqala alinakufumaneka
• I-T1, i-T2, i-T3, i-T4: ichaza ubungakanani be-tumor yokuqala kunye nokuba ingaba ikhule kangakanani ukuya kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo

N: Inani leendawo ze-lymph node ezichaphazelekayo ngumhlaza

• I-NX: umhlaza kwii-lymph node ezikufutshane awunakulinganiswa
• I-N0: awukho umhlaza ofunyenwe kwii-lymph node ezikufutshane
• I-N1, N2, N3: ichaza inani kunye nendawo ye-lymph node ezichaphazelekayo ngumhlaza

M: Nokuba umhlaza ugqibile okanye awukho

• MX: i-metastasis ayinakulinganiswa
• I-M0: umhlaza awusasazekanga kwamanye amalungu omzimba
• M1: umhlaza usasazekile

Ke, inqanaba lakho lomhlaza linokujongeka ngoluhlobo: T2N1M0.

Ukukhula kwesisu kunye nokusasazeka

Izidumbu zeBenign

Izidumbu zeBenign azinomdlavuza. Zogqunywe ziiseli eziqhelekileyo kwaye azikwazi ukungena kwizicwili ezikufuphi okanye kwamanye amalungu. Izilonda zeBenign zingabangela iingxaki ezimbalwa ukuba:

• Zinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingacinezelwa kumalungu, zibangele iintlungu, okanye zibonakala ziphazamisa
• zibekwe kwingqondo
• khupha iihormoni ezichaphazela iinkqubo zomzimba

Izidumbu zeBenign zihlala zisuswa ngotyando kwaye akunakulindeleka ukuba zikhule kwakhona.

Amathumba amabi

Izidumba ezinomhlaza zibizwa ngokuba zibi. Iiseli zomhlaza zenzeka xa ukuphazamiseka kwe-DNA kubangela ukuba ufuzo luziphathe ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunokuba kufanelekile. Zingakhula zibe ziithishu ezikufuphi, zisasazeke kwigazi okanye kwinkqubo ye-lymph, kwaye zisasazeke emzimbeni. Amathumba amabi ahlala ekhula ngokukhawuleza kuneethumba ezinobungozi.

Usebenza njani unyango ukunqanda ukusasazeka komhlaza

Ngokubanzi, kulula ukunyanga umhlaza ngaphambi kokuba ube nethuba lokusasazeka. Unyango luxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile lomhlaza kunye nenqanaba. Kwiimeko ezininzi, unyango luya kubandakanya unyango olungaphezulu kwesinye.

Ugqirha

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomhlaza onawo, utyando inokuba lunyango lokuqala. Xa utyando lusetyenziselwa ukususa ithumba, ugqirha ususa umda omncinci wethishu ejikeleze ithumba ukunciphisa amathuba okushiya iiseli zomhlaza ngasemva.

Ugqirha lunokunceda kwinqanaba lomhlaza. Umzekelo, ukujonga ii-lymph node kufutshane nethumba lokuqala kunokumisela ukuba umhlaza usasazekile apha ekhaya.

Unokufuna i-chemotherapy okanye unyango lwe-radiation emva kotyando. Oku kunokuba kukuthintela xa kukho naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza ezishiywe ngasemva okanye ziye zafikelela kwigazi okanye kwinkqubo ye-lymph.

Ukuba ithumba alinakususwa ngokupheleleyo, ugqirha wakho usenokuyisusa inxenye yalo. Oku kunokuba luncedo ukuba ithumba lalibangela uxinzelelo kwilungu okanye kubangela iintlungu.

Unyango ngemitha

Imitha isebenzisa imitha yamandla aphezulu ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza okanye ukunciphisa ukukhula kwayo. Imitha ijolise kwindawo ethile yomzimba apho umhlaza ufunyenwe khona.

Imitha ingasetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa ithumba okanye ukunciphisa iintlungu. Ingasetyenziselwa emva kotyando ukujolisa nakweyiphi na iiseli zomhlaza ezinokuthi zishiywe ngasemva.

Unyango ngamayeza

I-Chemotherapy yinkqubo yonyango. Iziyobisi zeChemo zingena kwigazi lakho kwaye zihamba emzimbeni wakho wonke ukufumana nokutshabalalisa iiseli ezahlula ngokukhawuleza.

I-Chemotherapy isetyenziselwa ukubulala umhlaza, ukunciphisa ukukhula kwayo, kunye nokunciphisa ithuba lokuba kwenzeke amathumba amatsha. Iluncedo xa umhlaza usasazeke ngaphaya kwethumba lokuqala okanye ukuba unoluhlobo lomhlaza ekungekho kulo unyango ekujoliswe kulo.

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo luxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile lomhlaza, kodwa ayizizo zonke iicancer ezijolise kunyango. La machiza ahlasela iiproteni ezithile ezivumela ukuba amathumba akhule kwaye asasazeke.

I-Angiogenesis inhibitors iphazamisa imiqondiso evumela amathumba ukuba enze imithambo yegazi emitsha kwaye aqhubeke nokukhula. La mayeza anokubangela ukuba imithambo yegazi esele ikho ife, enokuthi ilinciphise ithumba.

Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza, njengeprostate kunye nomhlaza wamabele, zifuna iihomoni ukuba zikhule. Unyango lwehormone lunokumisa umzimba wakho ekuveliseni iihomoni ezondla umhlaza. Abanye bayeke loo mahormoni kunxibelelwano neeseli zomhlaza. Unyango lwehormone luyanceda ukuthintela ukuphindeka kwakhona.

Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy

Ama-immunotherapies akhulisa amandla omzimba wakho ukulwa nomhlaza. La machiza anokomeleza amajoni akho omzimba kwaye awancede aqonde iiseli zomhlaza.

Ukutshintshwa kweseli okanye umongo wethambo

Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell, ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba kukufakelwa komongo wethambo, kutshintsha iiseli ezonakalisiweyo zokwenza igazi kunye nezisempilweni. Inkqubo yenzeka ngokulandela idosi enkulu yonyango okanye unyango ngemitha ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza kunye nokumisa iiseli zakho zokuvelisa iiseli ezinomhlaza.

Ukutshintshwa kweeseli kwestem kungasetyenziselwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza, kubandakanya i-myeloma ezininzi kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-leukemia.

Ukuthatha

Umhlaza ayisosifo esinye. Zininzi iintlobo-kunye ne-subtypes-yomhlaza. Abanye banobukrakra kunabanye, kodwa zininzi izinto eziguqukayo ezikhokelela kwiimpawu zomhlaza ezahlukeneyo.

I-oncologist yakho inokukunika ukuqonda okungcono malunga nokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kohlobo oluthile lomhlaza ngokusekwe kwingxelo yengxelo yakho yezifo.