4 Ubungozi obufihliweyo beeNgulube

Umxholo

• 1. IHepatitis E
• 2. Multiple Sclerosis
• 3. Umhlaza wesibindi kunye neCirrhosis
• 4. Yersinia
• Ukuququmbela
• 4. Yersinia
• Ukuququmbela

Phakathi kokutya okukhuthaza inkolo efana nale ilandelayo, inyama yehagu ihlala ikhokela ipakethi, njengoko kungqinwa ngama-65% amaMelika alangazelela ukubiza ibhekoni ngokutya kukazwelonke kwelizwe.

Ngelishwa, olo dumo luza ngexabiso. Kunye nokuba yeyona nyama ixhaphakileyo emhlabeni, inyama yehagu isenokuba yenye yezona zinobungozi, iphethe umngcipheko obalulekileyo kwaye ungaxoxiswanga ekufuneka umthengi azi (1).

1. IHepatitis E

Ngombulelo kwimvuselelo yokutya ngempumlo ngomsila, i-offal izikhulule phakathi kwabathandi bezempilo, ngakumbi isibindi, esixabiseke kumxholo wevithamini A kunye nomxube omkhulu wamaminerali.

Kodwa xa kufikwa kwinyama yehagu, isibindi kunokuba yingozi kwishishini.

Kumazwe aphuhlileyo, isibindi sehagu yeyona nto iphambili yokutya okususelwa kwi-hepatitis E, intsholongwane eyosulela abantu abazizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka kwaye inokukhokelela kwisifo esibuhlungu (umkhuhlane, ukudinwa, i-jaundice, ukugabha, iintlungu ezidibeneyo kunye nentlungu esiswini), isibindi esandisiweyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukusilela kwesibindi kunye nokufa (,).

Uninzi lweziganeko ze-hepatitis E azinazo iimpawu, kodwa abasetyhini abakhulelweyo banokuba nefuthe lobundlobongela kwintsholongwane, kubandakanya ne-hepatitis egcweleyo (ukusilela kwesibindi ngokukhawuleza) kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu wokufa koomama nabasetyhini (). Ngapha koko, oomama abosulelwa yinyanga yesithathu yabo bajongene nenqanaba lokufa ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-25 ().

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, usulelo lwe-hepatitis E lunokukhokelela kwi-myocarditis (isifo sentliziyo esidumbisayo), isifo sokudumba kwenwebu (ukudumba okubuhlungu kwepancreas), iingxaki ze-neurological (kubandakanya iGuillain-Barré syndrome kunye ne-neuralgic amyotrophy), ukuphazamiseka kwegazi kunye neengxaki ze-musculoskeletal, ezinje ngokunyuka ukudala i-phosphokinase, ebonisa ukonakala kwemisipha, kunye nentlungu yokudityaniswa kwamalungu amaninzi (ngohlobo lwe-polyarthralgia) (6,,).

Abantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka, kubandakanya nokufunyanwa kwamalungu afunyanwa kunyango lwe-immunosuppressive kunye nabantu abane-HIV, kunokwenzeka ukuba bahlupheke kwezi ngxaki zinzima ze-hepatitis E ().

Ke, ziyothusa njani izibalo zongcoliseko lwehagu? E-Melika, malunga no-1 kwaba-10 bevenkile ezithengiweyo ezithengileyo bavavanya i-hepatitis E, ethe kratya kancinci kune-1 kwi-15 lereyithi eNetherlands kunye ne-1 kwi-20 kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech (,). Olunye uphononongo eJamani lufumanise ukuba malunga neesoseji ezintlanu zehagu zazingcolisiwe ().

Imveli yaseFransi umkhiwane, isoseji yesibindi sehagu edla ngokutyiwa iluhlaza, sisiphathi sokuqina sehepatitis E (). Ngapha koko, kwimimandla yaseFrance apho inyama yehagu ekrwada okanye enqabileyo ixhaphake ngokuxhaphakileyo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabantu bendawo babonisa ubungqina bosulelo lwe-hepatitis E ().

IJapan nayo ijongene nokunyuka kwe-hepatitis E njengoko inyama yehagu ifumana ukuthandwa (). Kwaye e-UK? I-Hepatitis E ibonakalisa iisoseji zenyama yehagu, kwisibindi sehagu nakwiindawo zokuxhela inyama yehagu, ebonisa ukubakho kokuvezwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwabathengi behagu ().

Kunokuba sisilingo ukugxeka ubhubhane we-hepatitis E kwiindlela zokufama zorhwebo, kodwa kwimeko yehagu, i-wilder ayithethi ukuba ikhuselekile. Iinkunzi zehagu ezizingelwayo, nazo zihlala zihamba nesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo E, esikwaziyo ukudlulisela intsholongwane ebantwini abatya umdlalo (,).

Ngaphandle kokuyeka ngokupheleleyo inyama yehagu, eyona ndlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko we-hepatitis E usekhitshini. Le ntsholongwane inenkani iyakwazi ukusinda kumaqondo obushushu enyama ephekwe kunqabile, isenza ubushushu obuphezulu sisixhobo esifanelekileyo sosulelo (). Ukupheliswa kwentsholongwane, ukupheka iimveliso zehagu ubuncinci imizuzu engama-20 ukuya kubushushu bangaphakathi kwe-71 ° C (160 ° F) kubonakala ngathi kuyenza iqhinga (20).

Nangona kunjalo, amanqatha anokukhusela intsholongwane ye-hepatitis ekutshatyalalisweni kobushushu, ngenxa yoko ukusikwa kwehagu okunamafutha kungafuna ixesha elongezelelekileyo okanye amaqondo obushushu ().

Imveliso yehagu, ngakumbi isibindi, ihlala ithwala i-hepatitis E, enokubangela iingxaki ezinzima kunye nokufa kubantu abasesichengeni. Ukupheka ngokucokisekileyo kuyimfuneko ukukhupha intsholongwane.

2. Multiple Sclerosis

Enye yeengozi ezothusayo ezinxulunyaniswa nengulube-efunyenwe kancinci ixesha lomoya-yi-multiple sclerosis (MS), imeko eyoyikisayo yokuzimela komzimba ebandakanya inkqubo ye-nervous system.

Unxibelelwano olomeleleyo phakathi kwehagu kunye ne-MS laziwa ubuncinci ukusukela nge-1980s, xa abaphandi bahlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi komntu ngamnye wokusetyenziswa kwehagu kunye ne-MS kumazwe amaninzi ().

Ngelixa izizwe ezihlasela inyama yehagu ezinje kwa-Israyeli nase-India beziphantse ukusindiswa kwi-MS's degenerative grips, abathengi abakhululekileyo, abanjengeNtshona Jamani neDenmark, bajongana namazinga aphezulu esibhakabhaka.

Ngapha koko, xa onke amazwe athathelwa ingqalelo, ukutya inyama yehagu kunye ne-MS kubonise ulungelelwaniso lwe-0.87 (p <0.001), ephezulu kakhulu kwaye ebaluleke ngakumbi kunolwalamano phakathi kwe-MS kunye nokutya okunamafutha (0.63, p <0.01), MS kunye Ukutya inyama iyonke (0.61, p <0.01) kunye ne-MS kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkomo (akukho buhlobo bubalulekileyo).

Ngokombono, uphononongo olufanayo lwesifo seswekile kunye nokutya iswekile nganye kufumene ulungelelwaniso lwangaphantsi kwe-0.60 (p <0.001) xa kuhlalutywa amazwe e-165 (23).

Njengazo zonke iziphumo ze-epidemiological, unxibelelwano phakathi kokutya inyama yehagu kunye ne-MS alunakungqina ukuba inye oonobangela enye (okanye nokuba yileyo, ngaphakathi kwamazwe athathwe yi-MS, abona basebenzisi behagu banomdla kakhulu yayisesona sigulo). Kodwa njengoko kuvela, ubungqina bobungqina bungena nzulu ngakumbi.

Kwangoko, uphononongo lwabemi baseOrkney naseShetland Islands yaseScotland, ingingqi egcwele izidlo eziluhlaza ezingaqhelekanga, kubandakanya amaqanda aselwandle, ubisi oluhlaza kunye nenyama engaphekwanga, kufunyenwe indibaniselwano enye yokutya ne-MS -ukusetyenziswa "kwentloko enamanzi," isitya esenziwe ukusuka kwingqondo yehagu ebilisiweyo ().

Phakathi kwabahlali baseShetland, uninzi oluphezulu kakhulu lwezigulana ze-MS lwalusebenzise iintloko ezinobutsha ebutsheni babo, xa kuthelekiswa nempilo, ubudala kunye nolawulo oluhambelana nokwabelana ngesondo (25).

Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kuba-ngolunye uphando-i-MS ebetha ebudaleni inokubangelwa kukuvezwa kwendalo ngexesha lokufikisa (26).

Ubungakanani bengqondo yehagu ebangela ukuba amalungu omzimba ahambelana nokuzenzekelayo ayisiyiyo nje into yokuzingela, nokuba. Phakathi kuka-2007 no-2009, iqela labasebenzi bezityalo zehagu ezingama-24 lagula ngokungummangaliso ukuqhubela phambili kokudumba kwengqondo, Ebonakaliswa ziimpawu ezinje nge-MS ezinje ngokudinwa, ukuba ndindisholo, ukurhawuzelela kunye neentlungu (,).

Uvela phi uqhambuko? Oko kubizwa ngokuba "yinkungu yengqondo yehagu" - amasuntswana amancinci eethishu zobuchopho aqhushumba emoyeni ngexesha lokulungiswa kwesidumbu ().

Xa abasebenzi behogela la masuntswana eethishu, amajoni omzimba, ngokweprothokholi esemgangathweni, enza amajoni omzimba ngokuchasene neantigens zangaphandle zeporcine.

Kodwa ezo antigens zenzeka ngokufana nokungaqhelekanga kwiiproteni ezithile ze-neural ebantwini. Kwaye umphumo waba yintlekele yendalo: ukudideka malunga nokuba ngubani oza kulwa, amajoni omzimba abasebenzi aqalise uhlaselo oluvuthayo kwimithambo yabo yethambo (,).

Nangona i-autoimmunity evelayo ibingafani ne-multiple sclerosis, le nkqubo inye yokulinganisa iimolekyuli, apho iiantigen zangaphandle kunye neanti-antigen zifana ngokwaneleyo nokwenza impendulo yokuzimela, kuye kwanyanzeliswa kwi-pathogenesis ye-MS (,).

Ewe, ngokungafaniyo nenkungu yengqondo yehagu, izinja ezishushu kunye neham azikho ngokoqobo inhaled (amakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo nangona kunjalo). Ngaba ingulube isenokuhambisa izinto ezinengxaki ngokungenisa? Impendulo ngu-ewe wentelekelelo. Kwenye, ibacteria ethile, ngakumbi Acinetobacter, bayabandakanyeka ekulingiseni iimolekyuli kunye ne-myelin, into eyenzakalisa imithambo-luvo eyonakala kwi-MS (34,).

Nangona indima yeehagu njenge Acinetobacter abathwali khange bafunde ngokugqibeleleyo, ibhaktiriya ifunyenwe kwilindle lehagu, kwiifama zehagu nakwibhekoni, isalami yehagu kunye neham, apho isebenza njengesixhobo sokuphanga (,, 38, 39). Ukuba inyama yehagu isebenza njengesithuthi se Acinetobacter Ukuhanjiswa (okanye nangayiphi na indlela kwandisa umngcipheko wosulelo lomntu), ikhonkco kunye ne-MS liya kuba sengqiqweni.

Okwesibini, iihagu zinokuthula kwaye zingafundiswanga kubaphathi be iinwele, Iiprotein ezisisiphosiso eziqhuba ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo efana nesifo seCreutzfeldt-Jakob (uhlobo lomntu lwenkomo ephambeneyo) kunye neKuru (efumaneka phakathi koluntu oludla inyama) ().

Abanye abaphandi bacebisa ukuba i-MS ngokwayo inokuba sisifo se-prion, esijolise kwii-oligodendrocyte, iiseli ezivelisa i-myelin (). Kwaye ekubeni ii-prion- kunye nezifo zazo ezinxulumene noko- zisasazwa ngokutya izicwili zemithambo yosulelo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba iimveliso zehagu ezigcinwe ngaphambili zinokuba likhonkco elinye kwikhonkco le-MS ().

Indima ebangelwa yinyama yehagu kwi-MS ikude nemeko evaliweyo, kodwa iipateni zesifo esomeleleyo ngokungaqhelekanga, ubukho bendalo kunye namava abhaliweyo enza olunye uphando lubaluleke.

3. Umhlaza wesibindi kunye neCirrhosis

Iingxaki zesibindi zihlala zilandelela ngokusondeleyo kwizithende zezinto ezinobungozi, ezizezi usulelo lwe-hepatitis B kunye no-C, ukubonakaliswa yi-aflatoxin (i-carcinogen eveliswa ngumngundo) kunye nokusela kakhulu utywala (43, 44, 45).

Kodwa ukungcwatywa kuncwadi lwenzululwazi sesinye isibetho esinokubakho kwimpilo yesibindi- inyama yehagu.

Kumashumi eminyaka, ukusetyenziswa kwehagu kuthembeke ngokuthe ngqo kumhlaza wesibindi kunye namazinga e-cirrhosis kwihlabathi liphela. Kuhlalutyo lwamazwe amaninzi, unxibelelwano phakathi kwenyama yehagu kunye nokufa kwesibindi egcinwe kwi-0.40 (p <0.05) kusetyenziswa idatha ye-1965, 0.89 (p <0.01) kusetyenziswa idatha phakathi kwe-1970s, 0.68 (p = 0.003) kusetyenziswa idatha ye-1996 kunye ne-0.83 ( p = 0.000) usebenzisa idatha ka-2003 (,).

Kolo hlalutyo lunye, phakathi kwamaphondo e-10 eCanada, inyama yehagu ibinolungelelwaniso lwe-0.60 (p <0.01) kunye nokufa kwesibindi, ngelixa utywala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokutya okuncinci, kungakhange kubonise khonkco libalulekileyo.

Kwaye kwiimodeli zamanani ezibandakanya iingozi eziyaziwayo zesibindi (ukusetyenziswa kotywala, usulelo lwe-hepatitis B kunye nosulelo lwe-hepatitis C), inyama yehagu yahlala ngokuzimeleyo inxulunyaniswa nezifo zesibindi, iphakamisa ukuba umbutho awukho ngenxa yengulube yehagu, njengokuba kunjalo, Iarhente eyahlukileyo yokubanga ().

Inyama yenkomo, ngokuchaseneyo, yahlala ingathathi cala kwesibindi okanye ikhusela kwezi zifundo.

Omnye wemithombo yokutya emikhulu ye-nitrosamines yenziwa ngengulube, ethi yona, kunye nokuba lundwendwe oluqhelekileyo kwipani yokupanda, iqulethe ii-nitrites kunye nee-nitrate njengezinto zokunyanga. (Imifuno ikwacebile nge-nitrate ezenzeka ngokwendalo, kodwa umxholo wayo we-antioxidant kunye nokunqongophala kweprotein kunceda ukuthintela inkqubo U-N-nitrosation, ukubathintela ekubeni babe ziiarhente ezibangela umhlaza ().

Amanqanaba abalulekileyo e-nitrosamines afunyenwe kwingulube yesibindi i-pâté, i-bacon, isoseji, i-ham kunye nezinye iinyama eziphilisiweyo (63,,). Inxalenye enamanqatha yeemveliso zehagu, ngakumbi, ithambekele ekuqokeleleni amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu e-nitrosamines kuneebhithi ezibhityileyo, isenza ibhekoni ibe ngumthombo omkhulu kakhulu ().

Ubukho bamafutha bunokujika i-vitamin C ibe sisikhuthazi se-nitrosamine endaweni ye-nitrosamine inhibitor, ke ukudibanisa inyama yehagu nemifuno kusenokungakhuseli kakhulu ().

Nangona uninzi lophando lomhlaza wesibindi se-nitrosamine lujolise kwiintonga, apho ii-nitrosamines ezithile zivelisa ukonzakala kwesibindi ngokulula okukhulu, isiphumo sivela nakubantu (,). Ngapha koko, abanye abaphandi bacebisa ukuba abantu banokuba novakalelo ngakumbi kwii-nitrosamines kuneempuku kunye neempuku ().

E-Thailand, umzekelo, ii-nitrosamines zidityaniswe ngamandla nomhlaza wesibindi kwiindawo apho ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ziphantsi (71). Uhlalutyo lwe-2010 lweqela le-NIH-AARP lifumene inyama ebomvu (kubandakanya inyama yehagu), inyama eqhutyiweyo (kubandakanya inyama yehagu egqityiweyo), iitrate kunye nee-nitrites ukuze zinxulunyaniswe ngokuqinisekileyo nezifo ezingapheliyo zesibindi. Abasebenzi beerabha, emsebenzini abonakaliswe kwi-nitrosamines, bajongane namazinga aphezulu kakhulu ezifo zesibindi ezinxulumene notywala kunye nomhlaza ().

Ngaba i-nitrosamines ibonisa ukungqinelana phakathi kwenyama yehagu, eyenzakalisa isibindi kunye nezifo zesibindi? Ubungqina okwangoku bunzima kakhulu ukwenza ibango, kodwa umngcipheko ubonakala ngokwaneleyo ukunika izizathu zokuthintela i-nitrosamine (okanye i-nitrosamine-evelisa) iimveliso zehagu, kubandakanya ibhekoni, i-ham, izinja ezishushu kunye neesoseji ezenziwe nge-nitrite ye-sodium okanye i-potassium nitrate.

Unxibelelwano olunamandla lwezifo ezikhoyo phakathi kokutya inyama yehagu kunye nesifo sesibindi. Ukuba ezi ziqhagamshelo zibonisa unobangela kunye nomphumo, omnye onetyala unokuba njalo U-N-i-nitroso compounds, ezifumaneka kakhulu kwimveliso yehagu esele iphekwe kumaqondo aphezulu obushushu.

4. Yersinia

Iminyaka, isiqubulo sokhuseleko lwenyama yehagu "senziwe kakuhle okanye senziwe bhetyebhetye," isiphumo soloyiko malunga ne-trichinosis, uhlobo losulelo lweentshulube olutshabalalise abathengi behagu kwiindawo ezininzi ezingama-20^th inkulungwane (73).

Enkosi kutshintsho kwindlela zokutyisa, ucoceko lwasefama kunye nolawulo lomgangatho, i-trichinosis ethwelwe ziihagu iye yehla kwi-radar, imema inyama yehagu epinki ukuba ibuyele kwimenyu.

Kodwa imithetho yokufudumala yehagu ingavula iingcango zohlobo olwahlukileyo losulelo - yersiniosis, ebangelwa Yersinia iintsholongwane. E-US kuphela, Yersinia kubangela ukusweleka kwama-35 kunye namatyala aphantse abe li-117,000 etyhefu yokutya minyaka le (). Indlela yayo yokungena eyintloko ebantwini? Ingulube engaphekwanga.

Iimpawu ezibukhali zeYersiniosis zirhabaxa ngokwaneleyo - umkhuhlane, iintlungu, urhudo olunegazi - kodwa iziphumo zalo zexesha elide zezona zimele ukukhalisa intsimbi yealam. Amaxhoba Yersinia Ubutyhefu bujongana namaxesha angama-47 umngcipheko ophezulu we-arthritis esebenzayo, uhlobo lwesifo esidibeneyo sokudumba esibangelwa sisifo (75).

Nabantwana baba post-Yersinia iithagethi zesifo samathambo, ngamanye amaxesha zifuna i-chemical synovectomy (inaliti ye-osmic acid kwilungu elinengxaki) ukunciphisa iintlungu ezingapheliyo (76, 77).

Kwaye kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu apho Yersinia ayizisi ifiva eqhelekileyo, urhudo olungathandekiyo? Isifo samathambo esisebenzayo sinokukhula nokuba usulelo lwantlandlolo lwalungenasifo, lishiya amanye amaxhoba engazi ukuba isifo samathambo sisiphumo sokugula okubangelwa kukutya (78).

Nangona isifo samathambo esisebenzayo sihlala sixhomekeke sedwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, Yersinia Amaxhoba ahlala emngciphekweni omkhulu weengxaki zokudibanisa ezingapheliyo, kubandakanya i-ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis kunye ne-rheumatoid arthritis, kangangeminyaka (80, 81).

Obunye ubungqina bubonisa ukuba Yersinia kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zemithambo-luvo (82). Abantu abosulelekileyo abane-iron overload banokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wamathumba amaninzi esibindi, anokukhokelela ekufeni (,,). Kwaye phakathi kwabantu abachaphazeleka yimfuza, i-uveitis yangaphakathi, ukudumba kwe-iris yamehlo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kulandele Yersinia (, ).

Okokugqibela, ngokulinganisa imolekyuli, Yersinia Usulelo lunokuphakamisa umngcipheko wesifo se-Graves, imeko e-autoimmune ephawuleka ngokuvelisa kakhulu i-hormone ye-thyroid (,).

Isisombululo? Yizisa ubushushu. Uninzi lweemveliso zehagu (iipesenti ezingama-69 zeesampulu ezivavanyiweyo, ngokutsho kohlalutyo lweeNgxelo zabaThengi) zingcolisiwe Yersinia intsholongwane, ekuphela kwendlela yokuzikhusela kusulelo kukupheka ngokufanelekileyo. Ubushushu bangaphakathi ubuncinci be-145 ° F yehagu yonke kunye ne-160 ° F yengulube yomhlaba iyimfuneko yokuphelisa nayiphi na into ebambekayo.

Ingulube engaphekwanga iyakwazi ukuhambisa Yersinia Iibhaktheriya, ezibangela ukugula kwexesha elifutshane kunye nokuphakamisa umngcipheko we-arthritis esebenzayo, iimeko ezingapheliyo zokudibanisa, isifo se-Graves kunye nezinye iingxaki.

Ukuququmbela

Ke, ngaba impilo-yokonga i-omnivores isusa ihagu kwimenyu?

Ijaji isaphumile. Ngeengxaki ezimbini zehagu - hepatitis E kunye Yersinia - Ukupheka ngomsindo kunye nokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo kwanele ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Kwaye ngenxa yokunqongophala kolawulo olulawulwayo, lwengulube-centric ekwaziyo ukumisela uxhaso, ezinye iihagu ezibomvu zenyama yehagu zivela kwi-epidemiology - intsimi igcwele abaphambanisi kunye nokuzithemba okungekho sikweni.

Okubi kakhulu, uninzi lwezifundo zokutya kunye nezifo lump ingulube kunye nezinye iintlobo zenyama ebomvu, ukuxuba nayiphi na imibutho enokubakho nengulube yodwa.

Le micimbi yenza kube nzima ukwahlula iziphumo zempilo evela kwiimveliso zehagu kwaye ichonge ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Oko kuthethiweyo, ulumkiso ngokuqinisekileyo luyafuneka. Ubukhulu becala, ukungaguquguquki kunye nokuchaneka koomatshini kunxibelelwano lwenyama yehagu nezifo ezinzulu ezininzi kwenza ukuba kubekho umngcipheko wokwenene.

Kude kube kufumaneke uphando, unokufuna ukucinga kabini malunga nokuhamba kwehagu-yasendle kwihagu.

Umhlaza wesibindi, nawo uqhele ukulandela amanqina ehagu. Uhlalutyo lwe-1985 lubonise ukuba ukutya kwehagu kunxulunyaniswa nokusweleka kwe-hepatocellular carcinoma ngamandla njengotywala (0.40, p <0.05 kubo bobabini) (). (Ukujonga i-cirrhosis yesibindi kuhlala kusisiqalo somhlaza, olu nxibelelwano akufuneki lumangalise (50).)

Ke, yintoni ebangela le mibutho yoyikekayo?

Ekuboneni kokuqala, iinkcazo ezinokwenzeka aziphumi. Nangona i-hepatitis E ehambisa inyama yehagu ingakhokelela kwisibindi sokuqina kwesibindi, oku kwenzeka phantse kubantu abangaphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-immune, iseti yabemi encinci kakhulu ukuba inganxibelelana nolungelelwaniso lwehlabathi ().

Ngokunxulumene nenye inyama, inyama yehagu idla ngokuba phezulu kwi-omega-6 fatty acids, kubandakanya i-linoleic acid kunye ne-arachidonic acid, enokudlala indima kwisifo sesibindi (,,). Kodwa ioyile yemifuno, enomxholo we-asidi we-polyunsaturated ovuthulula inyama yehagu emanzini, musa ukudanisa isifo sesibindi esifanayo nesenziwa yinyama yehagu, ubuza umbuzo wokuba ingaba amanqatha ayabekek 'ityala na (55, 56).

IiHeterocyclic amines, iklasi yee-carcinogens ezenziwe ngokupheka inyama (kubandakanya inyama yehagu) kubushushu obuphezulu, inegalelo kumhlaza wesibindi kwizilwanyana ezahlukeneyo (). Kodwa ezi zinto zenziwe ngokulula kwinkomo, ngokwezifundo ezifanayo ezibonakalise inyama yehagu ayinalo ulwalamano oluqinisekileyo nesifo sesibindi (,).

Ngayo yonke loo nto engqondweni, bekuya kuba lula ukugxotha ikhonkco lesifo sehagu-isibindi njenge-epidemiological fluke. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindlela ezinokubakho zikhona.

Okona kulwa kunokwenzeka kubandakanya iitrosamines, eziyimixube ye-carcinogenic eyenziweyo xa ii-nitrites kunye nee-nitrate zisabela kunye nee-amine ezithile (ezivela kwiprotein), ngakumbi kubushushu obuphezulu (). Ezi khompawundi zidityaniswe nomonakalo kunye nomhlaza kwizitho ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya isibindi (61).

Omnye wemithombo yokutya emikhulu ye-nitrosamines yenziwa ngengulube, ethi yona, kunye nokuba lundwendwe oluqhelekileyo kwipani yokupanda, iqulethe ii-nitrites kunye nee-nitrate njengezinto zokunyanga. (Imifuno ikwacebile nge-nitrate ezenzeka ngokwendalo, kodwa umxholo wayo we-antioxidant kunye nokunqongophala kweprotein kunceda ukuthintela inkqubo U-N-nitrosation, ukubathintela ekubeni babe ziiarhente ezibangela umhlaza ().

Amanqanaba abalulekileyo e-nitrosamines afunyenwe kwingulube yesibindi i-pâté, i-bacon, isoseji, i-ham kunye nezinye iinyama eziphilisiweyo (63,,). Inxalenye enamanqatha yeemveliso zehagu, ngakumbi, ithambekele ekuqokeleleni amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu e-nitrosamines kuneebhithi ezibhityileyo, isenza ibhekoni ibe ngumthombo omkhulu kakhulu ().

Ubukho bamafutha bunokujika i-vitamin C ibe sisikhuthazi se-nitrosamine endaweni ye-nitrosamine inhibitor, ke ukudibanisa inyama yehagu nemifuno kusenokungakhuseli kakhulu ().

Nangona uninzi lophando lomhlaza wesibindi se-nitrosamine lujolise kwiintonga, apho ii-nitrosamines ezithile zivelisa ukonzakala kwesibindi ngokulula okukhulu, isiphumo sivela nakubantu (,). Ngapha koko, abanye abaphandi bacebisa ukuba abantu banokuba novakalelo ngakumbi kwii-nitrosamines kuneempuku kunye neempuku ().

E-Thailand, umzekelo, ii-nitrosamines zidityaniswe ngamandla nomhlaza wesibindi kwiindawo apho ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ziphantsi (71). Uhlalutyo lwe-2010 lweqela le-NIH-AARP lifumene inyama ebomvu (kubandakanya inyama yehagu), inyama eqhutyiweyo (kubandakanya inyama yehagu egqityiweyo), iitrate kunye nee-nitrites ukuze zinxulunyaniswe ngokuqinisekileyo nezifo ezingapheliyo zesibindi. Abasebenzi beerabha, emsebenzini abonakaliswe kwi-nitrosamines, bajongane namazinga aphezulu kakhulu ezifo zesibindi ezinxulumene notywala kunye nomhlaza ().

Ngaba i-nitrosamines ibonisa ukungqinelana phakathi kwenyama yehagu, eyenzakalisa isibindi kunye nezifo zesibindi? Ubungqina okwangoku bunzima kakhulu ukwenza ibango, kodwa umngcipheko ubonakala ngokwaneleyo ukunika izizathu zokuthintela i-nitrosamine (okanye i-nitrosamine-evelisa) iimveliso zehagu, kubandakanya ibhekoni, i-ham, izinja ezishushu kunye neesoseji ezenziwe nge-nitrite ye-sodium okanye i-potassium nitrate.

Unxibelelwano olunamandla lwezifo ezikhoyo phakathi kokutya inyama yehagu kunye nesifo sesibindi. Ukuba ezi ziqhagamshelo zibonisa unobangela kunye nomphumo, omnye onetyala unokuba njalo U-N-i-nitroso compounds, ezifumaneka kakhulu kwimveliso yehagu esele iphekwe kumaqondo aphezulu obushushu.

4. Yersinia

Iminyaka, isiqubulo sokhuseleko lwenyama yehagu "senziwe kakuhle okanye senziwe bhetyebhetye," isiphumo soloyiko malunga ne-trichinosis, uhlobo losulelo lweentshulube olutshabalalise abathengi behagu kwiindawo ezininzi ezingama-20^th inkulungwane (73).

Enkosi kutshintsho kwindlela zokutyisa, ucoceko lwasefama kunye nolawulo lomgangatho, i-trichinosis ethwelwe ziihagu iye yehla kwi-radar, imema inyama yehagu epinki ukuba ibuyele kwimenyu.

Kodwa imithetho yokufudumala yehagu ingavula iingcango zohlobo olwahlukileyo losulelo - yersiniosis, ebangelwa Yersinia iintsholongwane. E-US kuphela, Yersinia kubangela ukusweleka kwama-35 kunye namatyala aphantse abe li-117,000 etyhefu yokutya minyaka le (). Indlela yayo yokungena eyintloko ebantwini? Ingulube engaphekwanga.

Iimpawu ezibukhali zeYersiniosis zirhabaxa ngokwaneleyo - umkhuhlane, iintlungu, urhudo olunegazi - kodwa iziphumo zalo zexesha elide zezona zimele ukukhalisa intsimbi yealam. Amaxhoba Yersinia Ubutyhefu bujongana namaxesha angama-47 umngcipheko ophezulu we-arthritis esebenzayo, uhlobo lwesifo esidibeneyo sokudumba esibangelwa sisifo (75).

Nabantwana baba post-Yersinia iithagethi zesifo samathambo, ngamanye amaxesha zifuna i-chemical synovectomy (inaliti ye-osmic acid kwilungu elinengxaki) ukunciphisa iintlungu ezingapheliyo (76, 77).

Kwaye kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu apho Yersinia ayizisi ifiva eqhelekileyo, urhudo olungathandekiyo? Isifo samathambo esisebenzayo sinokukhula nokuba usulelo lwantlandlolo lwalungenasifo, lishiya amanye amaxhoba engazi ukuba isifo samathambo sisiphumo sokugula okubangelwa kukutya (78).

Nangona isifo samathambo esisebenzayo sihlala sixhomekeke sedwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, Yersinia Amaxhoba ahlala emngciphekweni omkhulu weengxaki zokudibanisa ezingapheliyo, kubandakanya i-ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis kunye ne-rheumatoid arthritis, kangangeminyaka (80, 81).

Obunye ubungqina bubonisa ukuba Yersinia kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zemithambo-luvo (82). Abantu abosulelekileyo abane-iron overload banokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wamathumba amaninzi esibindi, anokukhokelela ekufeni (,,). Kwaye phakathi kwabantu abachaphazeleka yimfuza, i-uveitis yangaphakathi, ukudumba kwe-iris yamehlo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kulandele Yersinia (, ).

Okokugqibela, ngokulinganisa imolekyuli, Yersinia Usulelo lunokuphakamisa umngcipheko wesifo se-Graves, imeko e-autoimmune ephawuleka ngokuvelisa kakhulu i-hormone ye-thyroid (,).

Isisombululo? Yizisa ubushushu. Uninzi lweemveliso zehagu (iipesenti ezingama-69 zeesampulu ezivavanyiweyo, ngokutsho kohlalutyo lweeNgxelo zabaThengi) zingcolisiwe Yersinia intsholongwane, ekuphela kwendlela yokuzikhusela kusulelo kukupheka ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ubushushu bangaphakathi ubuncinci be-145 ° F yehagu iphela kunye ne-160 ° F yengulube yomhlaba iyimfuneko ukugqiba nasiphi na isifo se-pathogen.

Ingulube engaphekwanga iyakwazi ukuhambisa Yersinia Iibhaktheriya, ezibangela ukugula kwexesha elifutshane kunye nokuphakamisa umngcipheko we-arthritis esebenzayo, iimeko ezingapheliyo zokudibanisa, isifo se-Graves kunye nezinye iingxaki.

Ukuququmbela

Ke, ngaba impilo-yokonga i-omnivores isusa ihagu kwimenyu?

Ijaji isaphumile. Ngeengxaki ezimbini zehagu - hepatitis E kunye Yersinia - Ukupheka ngomsindo kunye nokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo kwanele ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Kwaye ngenxa yokunqongophala kolawulo olulawulwayo, lwengulube-centric ekwaziyo ukuseka isisusa, ezinye iihagu ezibomvu zenyama yehagu zivela kwi-epidemiology - intsimi igcwele abaphambanisi kunye nokuzithemba okungekho sikweni.

Okubi kakhulu, uninzi lwezifundo zokutya kunye nezifo lump ingulube kunye nezinye iintlobo zenyama ebomvu, ukuxuba nayiphi na imibutho enokubakho nengulube yodwa.

Le micimbi yenza kube nzima ukwahlula iziphumo zempilo evela kwiimveliso zehagu kwaye ichonge ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Oko kuthethiweyo, ulumkiso ngokuqinisekileyo luyafuneka. Ubukhulu becala, ukungaguquguquki kunye nokuchaneka koomatshini kunxibelelwano lwenyama yehagu nezifo ezinzulu ezininzi kwenza ukuba kubekho amathuba okuba semngciphekweni wokwenene.

Kude kube kufumaneke uphando, unokufuna ukucinga kabini malunga nokuhamba kwehagu-yasendle kwihagu.