I-Malaria: yintoni, umjikelo, ukuhambisa kunye nonyango

Umxholo

• Iimpawu eziphambili
• Ngaba kwenzeka njani ukuhambisa
• Umjikelo wosulelo lweMalariya
• Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa
• Unyango lwenziwa njani
• Indlela yokuzikhusela

Isifo seengcongconi sisifo esosulelayo esidluliselwa kukulunywa yingcongconi yabasetyhini Anopheles Usulelwe yiprotozoan yohlobo IPlasmodium, Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo eBrazil IPlasmodium vivax yi IPlasmodium malariae. Kuba idluliselwa ngokulunywa yingcongconi, eyona ndlela yokuthintela isifo seengcongconi inamanyathelo okuthintela ukulunywa, ngokusebenzisa into egxothayo kunye nokukhuselwa kwefestile kusetyenziswa izikrini.

Kanye emzimbeni womntu ochaphazelekayo, i IPlasmodium iya esibindini, apho iphindaphindeka khona ize ifikelele kwigazi, apho iye ingene kwaye yaphule iiseli ezibomvu zegazi, ibangele iimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane, ukubila, ukugodola, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, intloko ebuthathaka kunye nokuba buthathaka.

Isifo seengcongconi siyanyangeka, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba unyango luqaliswe ngokukhawuleza, kuba kwiimeko ezininzi esi sifo sinokuba mandundu, xa siphulukana negazi, zehle iiplatelets, ukusilela kwezintso okanye nokonakala kwengqondo, apho amathuba okuba neengxaki nokufa makhulu.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Iimpawu zokuqala zesifo seengcongconi zidla ngokubonakala phakathi kweentsuku ezisi-8 ukuya kwezi-14 emva kokudluliselwa, kwaye zingathabatha ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-30 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukubonakala kweempawu kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinxulumene ne IPlasmodium, ezinje ngezinga lokuphindaphinda kunye neentlobo, kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nomntu, ezinje ngamajoni omzimba, ikakhulu. Ezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo zesifo seengcongconi zezi:

• Umkhuhlane, onokuthi uhambe uze ujikeleze;
• Ukubila kunye nokubanda;
• Intloko ebuhlungu;
• Isicaphucaphu nokugabha;
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha emzimbeni wonke;
• Ubuthathaka kunye nokudinwa okungapheliyo;
• Ulusu olumthubi kunye namehlo.

Uninzi lwezi mpawu kunye neempawu kunokuba nzima ukuzibona njenge-malaria, ke ukuba ziyenzeka, kubalulekile ukuba uye kugqirha ukufumanisa isifo kwaye uqale unyango olufanelekileyo, ngakumbi ukuba ukwindawo apho isifo seengcongconi siqhelekile, kwingingqi yeAmazon naseAfrika.

Ukongeza, ezi zimpawu kunye neempawu zinokubonakala kwimijikelo, oko kukuthi, zibonakalisa zonke iiyure ezingama-48 okanye iiyure ezingama-72, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe IPlasmodium oko kokosulela umzimba.Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yomjikelo wobomi babo, njengoko bekhula befikelela kwigazi kwaye babangela iimpawu ezibangelwa kukutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi.

Olona hlobo lwesifo seengcongconi kwenzeka xa usulelo luyekelela kwingqondo, lubangela intloko ebuhlungu, ukuqina kwentamo, ukuxhuzula, ukozela nokudinwa. Ezinye iingxaki zibandakanya i-anemia, iiplatelets ezincitshisiweyo, ukusilela kwezintso kunye nokusilela kokuphefumla. Funda ngakumbi malunga neempawu ze-malaria kunye ne-malaria yobuchopho.

Ngaba kwenzeka njani ukuhambisa

Ukuhanjiswa kweMalariya kwenzeka ngokulunywa yingcongconi yabasetyhini Anopheles osulelekileyo, ofumene isifunxi-gazi xa eluma umntu onesi sifo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba isifo seengcongconi asosuleli, oko kukuthi, asidluliswanga sisuka komnye umntu sisiya komnye, ngaphandle kwaxa kunqabile ekwabelaneni ngeesirinji kunye neenaliti ezosulelekileyo, ukutofelwa igazi ngendlela engalawulekiyo kunye / okanye ukuzala.

Ngokwesiqhelo, ingcongconi iluma abantu ngexesha langokuhlwa okanye ngorhatya. Iindawo ezinobungozi obuphezulu bentsholongwane nguMzantsi Melika, uMbindi Merika, iAfrika kunye nenxalenye yeAsia, ikakhulu kwiindawo ezinamanzi acocekileyo ngoku, ngoku ukufuma kunye namaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-20º nama-30ºC. EBrazil, amazwe achaphazeleka kakhulu ngenxa yesifo seengcongconi yiAmazonas, Roraima, Acre, Tocantins, Pará, Amapá, Mato Grosso, Maranhão naseRondônia.

Umjikelo wosulelo lweMalariya

Umjikelo wesifunxi-gazi IPlasmodium emzimbeni womntu kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukulunywa yingcongconi yabasetyhini Anopheles idlulisa, ngamathe ayo, i IPlasmodium kwigazi lomntu, kwinqanaba lalo leSporozoite;
2. I-Sporozoites iya esibindini, apho ikhula kwaye iphindaphinde, malunga neentsuku ezili-15, inika uhlobo lweMerozoites;
3. IiMerozoites ziphazamisa iiseli zesibindi kwaye zifikelela kwigazi, ziqala ukuhlasela iiseli ezibomvu zegazi;
4. Ngaphakathi kwiiseli zegazi ezosulelekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba ziiSchizonts, izidlele ziyaphindaphindeka kwaye ziphazamise le seli, kwaye ziqala ukuhlasela ezinye, kumjikelo othatha iiyure ezingama-48 ukuya kwezingama-72.

Ngaphakathi kwischizont nganye, umjikelo uyahluka ngohlobo lwe IPlasmodium, ziiyure ezingama-48 zohlobo P. falciparum, P. vivax, kunye P. ovalekunye no-72 h ngeP. malariae. Ngexesha lokudlakazwa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi kwaye iischizonts zikhululeke egazini, iimpawu zinokubonakala ngakumbi, ikakhulu umkhuhlane kunye nokugodola.

Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa

Emva kokuba iimpawu zokuqala kunye neempawu zivela, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uye esibhedlele okanye kwigumbi likaxakeka, ngakumbi ukuba iimpawu zivela qho kwiiyure ezingama-48 okanye ezingama-72. Ngale ndlela, ugqirha uya kuba nakho ukuchonga ubukho besidleleli emzimbeni ngovavanyo lwegazi, njengoko ethanda uvavanyo lobunzima okanye lomzimba, ekwazi ukuqalisa unyango olufanelekileyo, ukuthintela usulelo ekubeni mandundu kwaye lubeke ubomi besigulana umngcipheko.

Unyango lwenziwa njani

Unyango lwesifo seengcongconi luchaphazela amachiza alwa ne-malaria, afana ne-Chloroquine, Primaquine, Artemeter kunye ne-Lumefantrine okanye i-Artesunate kunye ne-Mefloquine. IPlasmodium kunye nokuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwayo.

Amayeza akhethiweyo, iidosi kunye nexesha zichazwe ngugqirha ngokweminyaka, ubungqongqo besifo kunye nohlalutyo lweemeko zempilo. Abantwana, iintsana kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo bafuna unyango olukhethekileyo, kunye neQuinine okanye iClindamycin, ihlala ihambelana nezindululo zonyango kwaye, ngokubanzi, ukulaliswa esibhedlele kubonisiwe.

Kukwacetyiswa nayo:

• Yitya ngesiqhelo;
• Musa ukusela iziselo ezinxilisayo;
• Musa ukuyeka unyango nokuba iimpawu ziyanyamalala, ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuphindaphinda kunye neengxaki zesifo.

Unyango lwe-Malaria kufuneka luqaliswe ngokukhawuleza, njengoko lunokuqhubela phambili kakhulu kwaye, ngaphandle konyango olufanelekileyo, lunokukhokelela ekufeni. Fumanisa ngakumbi malunga nokuba unyango lwenziwa njani ukubuyisa ngokukhawuleza.

Indlela yokuzikhusela

Uthintelo lweMalaria lunokwenziwa ngoku:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwempahla ekhanyayo kunye nelaphu elihle, enemikhono emide neebhulukhwe ezinde;
• Kuphephe iindawo ezithandwa kakhulu kukungcola zesi sifo, ikakhulu xa kurhatyela okanye kusisa;
• Sebenzisa i-DEET-based repellent (N-N-diethylmetatoluamide), ngokuhlonipha izikhokelo zomenzi malunga nokubuyiselwa kwezinto ezigxothayo;
• Beka izikrini zokukhusela ngokuchasene neengcongconi kwiifestile naseminyango;
• Kulumkele amachibi, amachibi kunye nemilambo emva kwemini nangokuhlwa.

Nabani na oya kwindawo apho kukho iimeko zesifo seengcongconi angafumana unyango lothintelo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-chemoprophylaxis, ngamachiza alwa ne-malariya, afana neDoxycycline, Mefloquine okanye iChloroquine.

Nangona kunjalo, la mayeza aneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezomeleleyo, ke ugqirha uhlala ecebisa olu hlobo lothintelo kubantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuhlaselwa sisifo esibi, njengokuya kwiindawo ezinamazinga aphezulu osulelo okanye xa umntu enesifo esinokubakho kunye nosulelo.

La machiza kufuneka asetyenziswe kuphela emva kwengcebiso yezonyango kwaye ahlala eqalwa usuku olu-1 ngaphambi kohambo kwaye aqhubeke ezinye iintsuku okanye iiveki ezimbalwa emva kokubuya.