Ubushushu benyama: Isikhokelo sokupheka ngokukhuselekileyo

Umxholo

• Isikhokelo kubushushu benyama
• Iinkuku
• Inyama yenkomo
• Imvana kunye nemvana yegusha
• Inyama yehagu kunye neham
• Umdlalo wasendle
• Ungabuthatha njani ubushushu benyama
• Ukukhetha ithemometha yenyama
• Iingcebiso zokugcina nokuzihlaziya
• Umgca wezantsi

Sibandakanya iimveliso esicinga ukuba ziluncedo kubafundi bethu. Ukuba uthenga amakhonkco kweli phepha, sinokufumana ikhomishini encinci. Nantsi inkqubo yethu.

Imithombo yeprotein esekwe kwizilwanyana njengenyama yenkomo, inkukhu, kunye nemvana iqulethe izondlo ().

Nangona kunjalo, ezi nyama zinokugcina iibhaktheriya, kubandakanya Salmonella, Ubunjani benkampu, E. coli O157: H7, kunye IListeria monocytogenes, ezinokubangela izifo ezinzulu ezibangelwa kukutya. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukupheka inyama kumaqondo obushushu akhuselekileyo ngaphambi kokuyitya (,,).

Iingcali ngokhuseleko lokutya zithi inyama ithathwa njengekhuselekileyo ukuba ingatyiwa xa iphekwe ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo kwaye ikwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukubulala izinto eziyingozi (5).

Eli nqaku lixoxa ngamaqondo obushushu acetyiswayo ekuphekeni ngokukhuselekileyo inyama ezahlukeneyo kwaye licacisa ngendlela yokuthatha ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu benyama.

Isikhokelo kubushushu benyama

Amaqondo okupheka akhuselekileyo ahluka ngohlobo lwenyama elungiswayo.

Nalu ushwankathelo lwamaqondo obushushu angaphakathi afanelekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusikwa kwenyama, ngolwazi oluthe kratya ukulandela apha ngezantsi (5, 6, 7):

Iinkuku

Iindidi zeenkukhu ezithandwayo zibandakanya inkuku, idada, irhanisi, ikalikuni, ipheasant kunye nezagwityi. Oku kubhekisela kwiintaka ezipheleleyo, kunye nazo zonke iindawo zentaka ezinokutya abantu, kubandakanywa amaphiko, amathanga, imilenze, inyama yomhlaba kunye ne-giblets.

Iinkuku ezirhabaxa zinokungcoliseka I-Campylobacter, ezinokubangela urhudo olunegazi, umkhuhlane, ukugabha kunye necramps zemisipha. Salmonella kwaye IClostridium perfringens Zifumaneka ngokufuthi kwiinkuku ezingavuthi kwaye zibangele iimpawu ezifanayo (,,).

Iqondo lobushushu langaphakathi elikhuselekileyo lokupheka iinkuku - elipheleleyo kunye nefom yomhlaba - yi-165 ° F (75 ° C) (6).

Inyama yenkomo

Inyama yenkomo yomhlaba, kubandakanya iibhola zenyama, iisoseji, kunye neeburger, kufuneka zifikelele kubushushu bokupheka bangaphakathi obuyi-160 ° F (70 ° C). I-steak kunye ne-veal kufuneka iphekwe ubuncinci i-145 ° F (65 ° C) (6, 11).

Iinyama zomhlaba zihlala zinobushushu obuphezulu bokupheka ngaphakathi, njengoko iibhaktiriya okanye iiparasites zisasazeka kwibhetshi yonke xa usila inyama.

Inkomo ngumthombo we E. coli O157: H7, intsholongwane enokubangela iimeko ezisongela ubomi. Oku kubandakanya i-hemolytic uremic syndrome, enokuthi ikhokelele ekusileleni kwezintso, kunye ne-thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, ebangela amahlwili egazi emzimbeni wakho wonke (12,,).

Iprotein ebangela isifo seCreutzfeldt-Jakob, esinxulumene nesifo seenkomo eziphambeneyo, ikwafunyanwa kwiimveliso zenyama. Esi sisifo sobuchopho esibulalayo kwiinkomo ezindala ezinokudluliselwa ebantwini abatya inyama yenkomo engcolileyo (, 16).

Imvana kunye nemvana yegusha

IMvana ibhekisa kwinyama yegusha kunyaka wayo wokuqala, ngelixa inyama yegusha iyinyama yegusha endala. Zidla ngokutyiwa zingasetyenziswanga, kodwa ezinye iinkcubeko kwihlabathi liphela zitya imvana etshayiweyo nenetyiwa.

Inyama yeMvana inokuba neentsholongwane, ezinje IStaphylococcus aureus, Isalmonella enteritidis, I-Escherichia coli O157: H7, kwaye Ubunjani benkampu, ezinokubangela izifo ezinzulu ezibangelwa kukutya (5).

Ukubulala ezi zinto ziphilayo, imvana yomhlaba kufuneka iphekwe ukuya kwi-160 ° F (70 ° C), ngelixa iigusha zityiwa kunye nemvana kufuneka ifikelele kwi-145 ° F (65 ° C) (5, 6).

Inyama yehagu kunye neham

Unokufumana i-trichinosis, ebangelwa sisidleleli I-Trichinella spiralis, Ngokutya iimveliso zenyama yehagu eluhlaza nengaphekwanga. I-Trichinosis ibangela isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, umkhuhlane kunye nentlungu yomzimba, ehlala iiveki ezisi-8 kwaye ikhokelela ekufeni kwiimeko ezinqabileyo (5,,).

Ingulube entsha okanye i-ham kufuneka ifudunyezwe ukuya kwi-145 ° F (65 ° C). Ukuba uhlaziya i-ham esele iphekiwe okanye imveliso yehagu, ubushushu obukhuselekileyo yi-165 ° F (75 ° C) (6).

Kunzima ukumisela ubushushu bokupheka bangaphakathi benyama ebhityileyo efana nebhekoni, kodwa ukuba ibhekoni iyaphekwa ide ibe crispy, ihlala icingelwa ukuba iphekwe ngokupheleleyo (5).

Umdlalo wasendle

Abanye abantu bayathanda ukuzingela okanye ukutya izilwanyana zasendle, ezinje ngexhama kunye neelk (inyamakazi), inyathi (inyathi), okanye umvundla. Ezi ntlobo zenyama zinamaqondo okupheka okuphepha angaphakathi akhuselekileyo, kodwa ayafana nalawo amanye inyama.

Inyama yomhlaba kufuneka iphekwe kubushushu obuphantsi kwe-160 ° F (70 ° C), ngelixa ii-steaks ezisikiweyo okanye ii-roast kufuneka zifike kwi-145 ° F (65 ° C) (7).

Nje ukuba la maqondo obushushu angaphakathi afikelelwe, inyamakazi ithathwa njengekhuselekileyo ukuba ingatya nokuba ngowuphi umbala, njengoko isenokuba pinki ngaphakathi (7).

Umvundla kunye ne-bison yomhlaba kufuneka iphekwe kubushushu bangaphakathi be-160 ° F (70 ° C), ngelixa i-bison steaks kunye neerosi kufuneka ziphekwe ukuya kwi-145 ° F (65 ° C) (5, 19).

Amaqondo obushushu okupheka angaphakathi ahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwenyama kodwa aqheleke malunga ne-145 ° F (65 ° C) yenyama yonke kunye ne-160-165 ° F (70-75 ° C) yenyama yomhlaba. Oku kubandakanya inyama yemveli njengenkukhu kunye nenyama yenkomo, kunye nomdlalo wasendle.

Ungabuthatha njani ubushushu benyama

Akunakwenzeka ukuxelela ukuba inyama iphekwe kakuhle nje ngokunuka, ukungcamla, okanye ukuyijonga. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ubuthathe njani ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu benyama ephekiweyo ().

Ithemometha yenyama kufuneka ifakwe kwelona tye lenyama. Akufanele ichukumise ithambo, i-gristle, okanye i-fat.

Kwi-hamburger patties okanye amabele enkukhu, faka ithemometha ecaleni. Ukuba upheka iziqwenga zenyama, iqhekeza ngalinye kufuneka lihlolwe (21).

Amaqondo obushushu kufuneka afundwe ngasekupheleni kwexesha lokupheka kwenyama kodwa phambi kokuba kulindeleke ukuba yenziwe inyama (22).

Xa inyama yenziwe, kufuneka ihlale imizuzu emithathu ubuncinci ngaphambi kokuba ikrolwe okanye ityiwe. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba lixesha lokuphumla. Kuxa iqondo lobushushu benyama lihlala lihambelana okanye liqhubeka nokunyuka, libulala izinto ezinobungozi (22).

Ukukhetha ithemometha yenyama

Nazi ezintlanu zeethemometha eziqhelekileyo zokuthatha ubushushu benyama (5):

• Iithemometha ezikhuselekileyo eziko. Beka le thermometer zii-intshi ezi-2–2.5 (5-6.5 cm) kwelona tye linyama kwaye ufunde iziphumo kwimizuzu emi-2. Inokuhlala ngokukhuselekileyo enyameni njengoko ipheka eziko.
• I-Digital thermometer yokufunda ngokukhawuleza. Le thermometer ibekwe 1/2 intshi (1.25 cm) nzulu enyameni kwaye ingahlala endaweni yayo ngelixa ipheka. Iqondo lobushushu lilungele ukufundwa malunga nemizuzwana eli-10.
• Cofa ngokukhawuleza ukufunda iithemometha. Olu hlobo lwethemometha lubekwe zii-intshi ezi-2-2.5 (5-6.5 cm) nzulu kweyona ndawo ityebileyo yenyama kodwa alunakuhlala enyameni lo gama lupheka. Funda ubushushu kwimizuzwana eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20.
• Iithemometha ezivelayo. Olu hlobo luqhelekile kwiinkukhu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luza ne-turkey okanye inkukhu. Ithemometha iya kuthi gqi xa ifikelela kubushushu bangaphakathi obukhuselekileyo.
• Iimpawu zokushisa ezilahlwayo. Ezi zezokusebenzisa ixesha elinye abafundi ezenzelwe amaqondo obushushu athile. Batshintsha umbala kwimizuzwana emi-5-10, ebonisa ukuba bakulungele ukufunda.

Xa ukhetha ithemometha yenyama, cinga ngeentlobo zenyama oqhele ukuyipheka, kunye neendlela zakho zokupheka. Umzekelo, ukuba upheka inyama rhoqo, unokukhetha i-thermometer ehlala ihleli, eyahlukeneyo eya kuhlala ixesha elide.

Unokufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeethemomitha zenyama apha ekhaya nakwi-intanethi.

Ii-thermometer ezininzi ziyafumaneka ukukunceda uqinisekise ukuba inyama yakho ifikelele kubushushu bangaphakathi obukhuselekileyo. Ukhetho lwakho luxhomekeke kukhetho lwakho kunye nendlela oyipheka ngayo inyama eluhlaza.

Iingcebiso zokugcina nokuzihlaziya

Inyama kufuneka igcinwe ngaphandle kwendawo eyingozi-iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kwe-40 ° F (5 ° C) kunye ne-140 ° F (60 ° C) apho iibhaktheriya zikhula ngokukhawuleza (5).

Emva kokuba inyama iphekiwe, kufuneka ihlale kubuncinane be-140 ° F (60 ° C) ngelixa ukhonza, emva koko ifrijiwe ngaphakathi kweeyure ezimbini zokupheka okanye ukuyisusa eontini. Ngokufanayo, inyama ebandayo, efana nesaladi yenkukhu okanye isandwich, kufuneka igcinwe kuma-40 ° F (5 ° C) okanye kubanda (5).

Inyama esele kubushushu begumbi ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-2, okanye kwi-90 ° F (35 ° C) ngeyure enye, kufuneka ilahlwe kude (5).

Inyama eseleyo kunye nezitya ezinenyama, kubandakanya i-casseroles, isuphu, okanye isityu, kufuneka ziphindaphindwe ngokukhuselekileyo kubushushu bangaphakathi be-165 ° F (75 ° C). Oku kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa ipani, imicrowave, okanye i-oveni (5).

Kubalulekile ukuphinda uvuselele inyama eseleyo kubushushu bangaphakathi obukhuselekileyo be-165 ° F (75 ° C). Kwakhona, ukuthintela ukukhula kweentsholongwane, inyama ephekiweyo kufuneka igcinwe ngaphandle kwendawo enobungozi, enobushushu obuphakathi kwama-40 ° F (5 ° C) kunye ne-140 ° F (60 ° C).

Umgca wezantsi

Ukuba upheka kwaye utya inyama, kubalulekile ukwazi amaqondo obushushu okupheka angaphakathi ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungenwa zizifo ezibangelwa kukutya kunye nosulelo olusuka kwiibhaktheriya ezinokuba yingozi.

Iimveliso zenyama zingabeka umngcipheko omkhulu wezifo ezibangelwa kukutya, ezinokuba mandundu kakhulu.

Amaqondo obushushu okupheka angaphakathi ayahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwenyama kodwa aqheleke malunga ne-145 ° F (65 ° C) yenyama yonke kunye ne-160-165 ° F (70-75 ° C) yenyama yomhlaba.

Qiniseka ukuba ukhetha ithemometha yenyama esebenzela wena kwaye uyisebenzise rhoqo xa ulungisa inyama ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukhuselekile ukuba kungatyiwa.