Ipoliyo

Umxholo

• Zithini iimpawu zepoliyo?
• Ipoliyo engekhoyo
• Ipoliyo ekhubazekileyo
• Isifo sepoliyo emva kwepoliyo
• Isifo sepoliyo simosulela njani umntu?
• Baziva njani oogqirha ipoliyo?
• Banyanga njani ipoliyo?
• Ungayithintela njani ipoliyo
• Amaxabiso okugonya ipoliyo ebantwaneni
• Ugonyo lwepoliyo kwihlabathi liphela
• Ukusuka kwimbali yepoliyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku

Yintoni ipoliyo?

Ipoliyo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yipoliyo) sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane ehlasela inkqubo yeemvakalelo. Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala kunokwenzeka ukuba bayifumane le ntsholongwane kunalo naliphi na elinye iqela.

NgokukaMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO), usulelo olunye kwi-200 lwepoliyo luya kubangela ukukhubazeka okusisigxina. Nangona kunjalo, enkosi kwilinge lokuphelisa ipoliyo ngo-1988, le mimandla ilandelayo ngoku ayinasifo sepoliyo:

• Amazwe aseMelika
• IYurophu
• INtshona Pacific
• EMazantsi mpuma Asiya

Iyeza lokugonya ipoliyo laphuhliswa ngo-1953 laze lafumaneka ngo-1957. Ukusukela ngoko iimeko zepoliyo ziyehla e-United States.

Kodwa ipoliyo isaqhubeka e-Afghanistan, Pakistan naseNigeria. Ukuphelisa ipoliyo kuyakuxhamlisa umhlaba ngokwempilo nakuqoqosho. Ukupheliswa kwepoliyo kungonga okungenani i-40-50 yezigidigidi zeerandi kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo.

Zithini iimpawu zepoliyo?

Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-95 ukuya kuma-99 eepesenti abantu abasulelwa sisifo sepoliyo. Oku kwaziwa njengepoliyo encinci. Ngaphandle kweempawu, abantu abosuleleke yipoliovirus basenokusasaza intsholongwane kwaye babangele ukosuleleka kwabanye.

Ipoliyo engekhoyo

Iimpawu kunye neempawu zepoliyo engeyiyo yokukhubazeka inokuhlala ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-1 ukuya kwi-10. Le miqondiso kunye neempawu zinokuthi zifane nomkhuhlane kwaye zingabandakanya:

• ifiva
• umqala obuhkungu
• intloko ebuhlungu
• ukugabha
• ukudinwa
• meningitis

Ipoliyo engekhoyo yokukhubazeka ikwabizwa ngokuba sisifo sepoliyo.

Ipoliyo ekhubazekileyo

Phantse iipesenti ezi-1 zamatyala epoliyo anokukhula abe yipoliyo ekhubazekileyo. Ipoliyo yokukhubazeka ikhokelela ekukhubazekeni kwintambo yomgogodla (ipoliyo yomgogodla), ubuchopho (i-bulbar polio), okanye zombini (i-bulbospinal polio).

Iimpawu zokuqala ziyafana nepoliyo engafiyo. Kodwa emva kweveki, iimpawu ezinzima ziya kubonakala. Ezi mpawu zibandakanya:

• ukulahleka kwengqondo
• spasms ezinzima kunye neentlungu zemisipha
• imilenze evulekileyo kunye nefloppy, ngamanye amaxesha kwicala elinye lomzimba
• ukukhubazeka ngesiquphe, okwethutyana okanye okusisigxina
• Imilenze eyonakeleyo, ngakumbi isinqe, amaqatha neenyawo

Kunqabile ukuba ukukhubazeka okupheleleyo kuphuhle. kuwo onke amatyala epoliyo aya kubangela ukukhubazeka okusisigxina. Kwipesenti ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-10 zamatyala akhubazeke ngepoliyo, intsholongwane iyakuhlasela izihlunu ezikunceda uphefumle kwaye zibangele ukufa.

Isifo sepoliyo emva kwepoliyo

Kuyenzeka ukuba ipoliyo ibuye nasemva kokuba uphinde wachacha. Oku kunokwenzeka emva kweminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-40. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-post-polio syndrome (PPS) zezi:

• Ukuqhubeka nobuthathaka bemisipha kunye namalungu
• iintlungu zemisipha eziya zisiba mandundu
• ukudinwa lula okanye ukudinwa
• ukumosha izihlunu, okwabizwa ngokuba kukutya kwemisipha
• ingxaki yokuphefumla nokuginya
• ukulala, okanye iingxaki zokuphefumla ezinxulumene nokulala
• ukunyamezelana okuphantsi kwamaqondo obushushu abandayo
• ukuqala kobuthathaka kwezihlunu ezingafakwanga ngaphambili
• ukudakumba
• ingxaki kunye noxinzelelo kunye nenkumbulo

Thetha nogqirha wakho ukuba unepoliyo kwaye uqala ukuzibona ezi mpawu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-25 ukuya kuma-50 zabantu abasindileyo kwipoliyo baya kufumana iPPS. I-PPS ayinakubanjwa ngabanye abanesi sifo. Unyango lubandakanya iindlela zokulawula ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi bakho kunye nokunciphisa iintlungu okanye ukudinwa.

Isifo sepoliyo simosulela njani umntu?

Njengesifo esosulelayo, ipoliyo idlula ngokudibana nelindle elosulelekileyo. Izinto ezinjengeethoyi ezikufutshane nelindle elosulelekileyo zinokudlulisela intsholongwane. Ngamanye amaxesha inokudlulisa ngokuthimla okanye ukukhwehlela, njengoko intsholongwane ihlala emqaleni nasemathunjini. Oku akuqhelekanga.

Abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezingafikeleli kangako kumanzi abalekayo okanye izindlu zangasese ezigungxulwayo bahlala benesifo sepoliyo kumanzi okusela angcoliswe lulwelo lomntu olosulelekileyo. NgokweKliniki yaseMayo, le ntsholongwane iyosulela kangangokuba nabani na ohlala nomntu onale ntsholongwane angayifumana.

Abasetyhini abakhulelweyo, abantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka-njengaleyo ene-HIV- kunye nabantwana abancinci ngabona basesichengeni sepoliyo.

Ukuba awugonywanga, ungawunyusa umngcipheko wokufumana ipoliyo xa:

• hamba uye kwindawo ethe yaqhambuka sisifo sepoliyo
• Khathalela okanye uhlale nomntu osuleleke yipoliyo
• phatha isampuli yelebhu yentsholongwane
• zisuswe iitoni zakho
• Unoxinzelelo olugqithisileyo okanye umsebenzi onzima emva kokuvezwa yintsholongwane

Baziva njani oogqirha ipoliyo?

Ugqirha wakho uya kuyichonga ipoliyo ngokujonga iimpawu zakho. Baza kwenza uvavanyo lomzimba kwaye bajonge ukungaboni kakuhle, ukuqina komqolo nentamo, okanye ubunzima bokuphakamisa intloko xa ulele phantsi.

Iilebhu ziya kuvavanya isampulu yomqala wakho, ilindle, okanye ulwelo lwe-cerebrospinal lwepoliyo.

Banyanga njani ipoliyo?

Oogqirha banokunyanga kuphela iimpawu ngelixa usulelo lusaqhubeka. Kodwa ekubeni kungekho lunyango, eyona ndlela yokunyanga ipoliyo kukuyithintela ngokugonya.

Olona nyango luxhaphakileyo lubandakanya:

• ukuphumla ebhedini
• Iipilisi zentlungu
• iziyobisi ezichasayo zokuphelisa izihlunu
• Iintsholongwane zentsholongwane
• izixhobo zokuphefumla ezincedisayo ngokuphefumla
• unyango lomzimba okanye izilungiso zokulungisa ukunceda ukuhamba
• iiphedi zokufudumeza okanye iitawuli ezishushu zokunciphisa iintlungu zemisipha kunye ne-spasms
• unyango lomzimba ukunyanga iintlungu kwimisipha echaphazelekayo
• Unyango lomzimba ukulungisa iingxaki zokuphefumla kunye nemiphunga
• ukuvuselelwa kwemiphunga ukunyusa ukunyamezelana kwemiphunga

Kwiimeko eziphambili zobuthathaka emlenzeni, unokufuna isitulo esinamavili okanye esinye isixhobo sokuhamba.

Ungayithintela njani ipoliyo

Eyona ndlela yokuthintela ipoliyo kukufumana ugonyo. Abantwana kufuneka bafumane ipoliyo ngokungqinelana neshedyuli yokugonya eboniswe yi-CDC.

Ishedyuli yokugonya iCDC

Amaxabiso okugonya ipoliyo ebantwaneni

Ngamaxesha anqabileyo la manyathelo anokubangela iimpendulo ezinobuzaza okanye ezinzima, ezifana ne:

• iingxaki zokuphefumla
• umkhuhlane ophezulu
• isiyezi
• urhwebo
• ukudumba komqala
• ukukhawuleza kwentliziyo

Abantu abadala eUnited States abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana ipoliyo. Umngcipheko omkhulu xa uhamba kwindawo apho i-polio ixhaphake khona. Qiniseka ukuba ufumana uthotho lwemipu ngaphambi kokuba uhambe.

Ugonyo lwepoliyo kwihlabathi liphela

Ngokubanzi, iimeko zepoliyo zehle ngeepesenti ezingama-99. Ngama-74 kuphela amatyala axeliweyo ngo-2015.

Ipoliyo isaqhubeka e-Afghanistan, Pakistan naseNigeria.

Ukusuka kwimbali yepoliyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku

Ipoliyo yintsholongwane echaphazeleka kakhulu enokubangela intambo yomqolo kunye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Ichaphazela ikakhulu abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala. Amatyala epoliyo afikelela incopho eMelika ngo-1952 ngama-57,623 amatyala axeliweyo. Ukusukela kumThetho woNcedo lokuNcediswa kwePoliyo, i-United States ibingenasifo sepoliyo ukusukela ngo-1979.

Ngelixa amanye amazwe amaninzi eqinisekisiwe ukuba akanasifo sepoliyo, intsholongwane isasebenza kumazwe angakhange aqale amaphulo ogonyo. Ngokuka, nelinye icala eliqinisekisiweyo lepoliyo libeka abantwana kuwo onke amazwe emngciphekweni.

I-Afghanistan imiselwe ukuba iqale iphulo layo lokugonya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthobha nango-Novemba wama-2016. Iintsuku zeSizwe nezokuGonywa zicwangcisiwe kwaye ziyaqhubeka kumazwe aseNtshona Afrika. Unokuhlala usexesheni ngokwaphuka kwamatyala kwiwebhusayithi ye-Global Polio Eradication Initiative.