Inkqubo yamajoni omzimba: yintoni kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo

Umxholo

• Iiseli zomzimba
• Ingaba isebenza kanjani
• Impendulo yokuzikhusela komzimba ngaphakathi okanye kwindalo
• Ukuguqula okanye ukufumana impendulo yomzimba
• Ziintoni iantigens kunye ne-antibodies
• Iindidi zogonyo
• Ugonyo olusebenzayo
• Ugonyo nje
• Indlela yokuqinisa amajoni omzimba

Amajoni omzimba, okanye amajoni omzimba, siseti yamalungu, izicwili kunye neeseli ezijongene nokulwa neentsholongwane ezihlaselayo, oko ke kuthintela ukukhula kwezifo. Ukongeza, inoxanduva lokukhuthaza ukulingana komzimba kwimpendulo elungelelanisiweyo yeeseli kunye neemolekyuli eziveliswe ngokuphendula kwintsholongwane.

Eyona ndlela yokuqinisa amajoni omzimba kunye nokwenza ukuba iphendule kakuhle kwii-microorganisms ezihlaselayo kukutya nokwenza imikhwa esempilweni. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba ugonyo lwenziwe, ngakumbi njengomntwana, ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwee-antibodies kunye nokuthintela umntwana ekuphuhliseni izifo ezinokuphazamisa ukukhula kwabo, njengepoliyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba kukukhubazeka kweentsana, ezinokuthintelwa ngogonyo lwe-VIP. Lazi ixesha lokufumana isitofu sokugonya ipoliyo.

Iiseli zomzimba

Impendulo yamajoni omzimba iyasonjululwa ziiseli ezinoxanduva lokulwa nosulelo, ii-leukocytes, ezikhuthaza impilo yomntu kunye nomntu. Iileukocyte zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiseli zepolymorphonuclear kunye neesononuclear, iqela ngalinye lineentlobo ezithile zeeseli zokhuselo emzimbeni ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo nehambelana. Iiseli zomzimba zomzimba zezi:

• IiLymphocyte, Zeziphi iiseli ezihlala ziguqulwa ngakumbi ngexesha losulelo, kuba iqinisekisa ngokukodwa ekuphenduleni komzimba. Zintathu iintlobo zee-lymphocyte, B, T kunye Umbulali weNdalo (NK), ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo;
• Monocytes, ukuba zijikeleza okwexeshana egazini kwaye zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-macrophage, ezibalulekileyo ekulweni iarhente yomzimba enengcwangu;
• Neutrophils, ezijikeleza kumanani aphezulu kwaye zezokuqala ukuchonga nokwenza ngokuchasene nosulelo;
• Iimpawu, ezihlala zijikeleza ngamanani amancinci egazini, kodwa uxinzelelo lwazo lonyukile ngexesha lokungalungelelani okanye kwimeko yokosulelwa ziintsholongwane, iintsholongwane okanye ukungunda;
• Iibhasophils, ezijikeleza kwiindawo eziphantsi, kodwa zinokunyuka ngenxa yokungezwani komzimba okanye ukudumba okungapheliyo.

Ukusukela mzuzu apho umzimba welinye ilizwe kunye / okanye iarhente echaphazelayo ingena emzimbeni, iiseli zamajoni omzimba ziyasebenza kwaye zisebenza ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo ngenjongo yokulwa iarhente ekhubekisayo. Funda ngakumbi malunga neeukocyte.

Ingaba isebenza kanjani

Amajoni omzimba anoxanduva lokukhusela umzimba kulo naluphi na uhlobo losulelo. Ke, xa i-microorganism ingena kumzimba, amajoni omzimba ayakwazi ukubona le pathogen kwaye asebenzise iindlela zokuzikhusela ukuze alwe nosulelo.

Amajoni omzimba aqulathwe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili zempendulo: impendulo yomzimba yokuzalwa, eyindlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela, kunye nempendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, ecacisa ngakumbi kwaye iyenziwa xa impendulo yokuqala ingasebenzi okanye ingonelanga .

Impendulo yokuzikhusela komzimba ngaphakathi okanye kwindalo

Ukuphendula ngokwendalo okanye okungokwemvelo kokuzikhusela komzimba yinto yokuqala yomzimba yokuzikhusela, ekhoyo ebantwini ukusukela ekuzalweni. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-microorganism ingene kumzimba, lo mgca wokhuselo uyakhuthazeka, ubonakaliswa sisantya sawo kunye nokubalula okuncinci.

Olu hlobo lokuzikhusela luquka:

• Izithintelo zomzimbaOlusikhumba, iinwele kunye neencindi, uxanduva lokuthintela okanye ukulibazisa ukungena kwemizimba yamanye amazwe emzimbeni;
• Izithintelo zomzimba, ezinjenge-asidi yesisu, iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni kunye nee-cytokines, ezithintela i-microorganism ehlaselayo ekubeni ikhule emzimbeni, ukongeza ekukhuthazeni ukupheliswa kwayo;
• Imiqobo yeselula, Equkethe iiseli eziqwalaselwa njengolokuqala ukhuselo, eziyi-neutrophils, ii-macrophage kunye nee-lymphocyte ze-NK, ezinoxanduva lokubandakanya i-pathogen kunye nokukhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo.

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwamajoni omzimba ngaphakathi, usulelo alwenzeki ngalo lonke ixesha, kwaye ii-microorganism ziyasuswa ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukhuselo lwendalo alonelanga ukulwa ne-pathogen, ukhuseleko oluguquguqukayo luyakhuthazeka.

Ukuguqula okanye ukufumana impendulo yomzimba

Ukhuseleko olufunyenweyo okanye oluguquguqukayo, nangona luyinto yesibini yokhuselo lwento ephilayo, lubaluleke kakhulu, kuba kungenxa yayo apho iiseli zememori ziveliswa, ukuthintela usulelo lwento enye ukuba ingenzeki okanye, ukuba kuyenzeka, ziba mandundu.

Ukongeza ekwakheni iiseli zememori, impendulo eguqukayo yokuzikhusela komzimba, nangona ithatha ixesha elide ukuyifumana, icacile ngakumbi, kuba inokuthi ichonge iimpawu ezithile zentsholongwane nganye kwaye, yiyo loo nto ikhokelela ekuphenduleni komzimba.

Olu hlobo lokhuselo lwenziwa ngokudibana neearhente ezosulelayo kwaye ineentlobo ezimbini:

• Ukuzikhusela komzimba, Yimpendulo elawulwa zii-antibodies eziveliswa luhlobo lwee-lymphocyte B;
• Ukhuseleko lweselula, eyimpendulo yomzimba yokulwa nama-lymphocyte e-T, ekhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-microorganism okanye ukufa kweeseli ezinesifo, kuba olu hlobo lokuzikhusela lukhula xa i-pathogen iphila ngokuzikhusela kwangaphakathi kunye nokuhlekisa, kungenakufikeleleka kwii-antibodies. Funda ngakumbi malunga nee-lymphocyte.

Ukongeza kwi-immune kunye ne-cellular immunity, impendulo eguquguqukayo yomzimba inokuchazwa njengokusebenza, xa ifunyenwe ngogonyo, umzekelo, okanye ukwenziwa, xa isuka komnye umntu, njengokuncancisa, apho ii-antibodies zinokudluliselwa zisuka kunina. ukusana.

Ziintoni iantigens kunye ne-antibodies

Ukuze amajoni omzimba aphendule, kufuneka iiantigen kunye neentsholongwane. Iantigens zizinto ezinokubangela ukuba kuphendulwe amajoni omzimba, zichaze intsholongwane nganye, kwaye zibopha ngokuthe ngqo kwi-lymphocyte okanye i-antibody ukwenza impendulo yomzimba, edla ngokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-microorganism kwaye, ke, ukuphela kosulelo.

Ii-antibodies ziiprotein ezimile njengo-Y ezinoxanduva lokukhusela umzimba ekosulelekeni, ziveliswe ngokuphendula kwintsholongwane ehlaselayo. Ii-antibodies, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-immunoglobulins, zinokufunyanwa ngokuncancisa, imeko ye-IgA, kwanaxa ukhulelwe, kwimeko ye-IgG, okanye iveliswe ukuphendula ukungalungelani, kwimeko ye-IgE.

Ukuphendula kusulelo, i-IgM yintsholongwane yokuqala eveliswe kuqala.Njengokuba usulelo lusekiwe, umzimba uqala ukuvelisa i-IgG ethi, ukongeza ekulweni nosulelo, ihlale ekujikelezeni, ithathwa njengesixhobo sokukhusela inkumbulo. Funda ngakumbi nge-IgG kunye ne-IgM.

Iindidi zogonyo

Ugonyo luhambelana nendlela yomzimba yokukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwiintsholongwane ezithile, ezinokufunyanwa ngokwendalo okanye ngokuzenzela, njengakwimeko yezitofu, umzekelo.

Ugonyo olusebenzayo

Ukugonywa okusebenzayo kufunyanwa ngogonyo okanye ngenxa yokudibana nearhente yesifo esithile, ukukhuthaza amajoni omzimba kunye nokubangela ukuba ivelise izilwa-buhlungu.

Ugonyo olusebenzayo luyakwazi ukuvelisa inkumbulo, oko kukuthi, xa umzimba uphinde wadibana ne-arhente ebangela isifo esithile, umzimba uyakuqonda kwaye ulwe ne-arhente ehlaselayo, ukuthintela umntu ukuba asiphuhlise esi sifo okanye ukuba naso ngokuqatha. Ke, olu hlobo lwempendulo luhlala ixesha elide, nangona kunjalo kuthatha ixesha ukuba lusekwe, oko kukuthi, kwangoko emva kokuvezwa kwearhente eyingozi, akukho lwakhiwo kwangoko lwempendulo yomzimba efanelekileyo. Amajoni omzimba athabatha ixesha ukuqhubekekisa kunye nokwazisa olu lwazi.

Ukuvezwa kwendalo kwintsholongwane yindlela yokufumana ugonyo olusebenzayo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba ufumane ugonyo olusebenzayo, olwenziwa ngokugonya, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe usulelo lwexa elizayo. Ekugonyeni, umntu unikwa i-microorganism efileyo okanye umsebenzi wayo uyancitshiswa ukuze kukhuthazwe amajoni omzimba ukuba ayamkele i-pathogen kunye nokwenza ukuba ingakhuseleki kuyo. Jonga ukuba zeziphi izitofu zokugonya eziphambili kwaye zithathwa nini.

Ugonyo nje

Ugonyo nje luyenzeka xa umntu efumana izilwa-buhlungu eziveliswa ngomnye umntu okanye sisilwanyana. Olu hlobo lokugonywa luqhele ukufunyanwa ngokwendalo ngokudlula kwee-immunoglobulins, ikakhulu zohlobo lwe-IgG (antibody), nge-placenta, oko kukuthi, ngokudluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kumama kuye emntwaneni.

Ukugonywa okwenzekileyo kunokufunyanwa ngokungeyonyani, ngenaliti ye-antibodies evela kwabanye abantu okanye kwizilwanyana, njengakwimeko yokulunywa yinyoka, umzekelo, apho i-serum evela kwinyoka yenyoka ikhutshwa khona ize ke ifakwe ngqo emntwini. Funda ngoncedo lokuqala lokulunywa yinyoka.

Olu hlobo logonyo lwenza ukuba amajoni omzimba aphendule ngokukhawuleza, kodwa alunakuhlala ixesha elide njengoko kunjalo nangogonyo olusebenzayo.

Indlela yokuqinisa amajoni omzimba

Ukuphucula amajoni omzimba, kubalulekile ukwamkela imikhwa yokuphila esempilweni, njengokuzilolonga rhoqo kunye nokutya okunezakha-mzimba, nokutya okunevitamin C, i-selenium kunye ne-zinc. Jonga ukutya okunokuqinisa amajoni omzimba.

Jonga ezinye iingcebiso zokuphucula amajoni akho omzimba: