Umhlaza wolusu

Umxholo

• Uphengululo lwe

Umhlaza wolusu ngumhlaza ovela kwizihlunu zolusu. Ngo-2008, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho isigidi esi-1 sezehlo ezintsha zomhlaza wolusu ezafunyaniswayo kunye nabangaphantsi kwe-1,000 ababhubhileyo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wolusu:

• Iifom zeMelanoma kwii-melanocytes (iiseli zolusu ezenza ibala)

• Iiseli ze-basal cell carcinoma kwiiseli ze-basal (iiseli ezincinci, ezingqukuva kumaleko ongaphandle wesikhumba)

• I-squamous cell carcinoma yenza ii-squamous cells (iiseli ezisicaba ezenza umphezulu wolusu)

Iifom ze-Neuroendocrine carcinoma kwiiseli ze-neuroendocrine (iiseli ezikhupha iihomoni ekuphenduleni imiqondiso evela kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo)

Uninzi lomhlaza wolusu lwenziwa kubantu abadala kwiindawo zomzimba ezivezwe lilanga okanye kubantu abaye benza buthathaka amajoni omzimba. Uthintelo kwangethuba ngundoqo.

Malunga nolusu

Ulusu lelona lungu lomzimba likhulu. Ikhusela ngokuchaseneyo nobushushu, ukukhanya, ukwenzakala kunye nosulelo. Inceda ukulawula ubushushu bomzimba. Igcina amanzi kunye namanqatha. Isikhumba sivelisa ivithamin D.

Ulusu lunamacandelo amabini aphambili:

• Epidermis. I-epidermis ngumaleko ophezulu wolusu. Yenziwe kakhulu ziiseli ezicabaleleyo, okanye ezibambekayo. Ngaphantsi kweeseli ezinobunzima kwindawo enzulu ye-epidermis iiseli ezijikelezayo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-basal cell. Iiseli ekuthiwa zii-melanocytes zenza i-pigment (umbala) ifumaneke kulusu kwaye ikwindawo esezantsi ye-epidermis.

• Dermis. I-dermis iphantsi kwe-epidermis. Inemithambo yegazi, imithambo yegazi, kunye namadlala. Amanye ala madlala avelisa ukubila, okunceda ukupholisa umzimba. Amanye amadlala enza i-sebum. I-Sebum yinto enamafutha anceda ukuba ulusu lungomi. Ukubila kunye ne-sebum kufikelela kumphezulu wolusu ngokuvuleka okuncinci okubizwa ngokuba ziipore.

Ukuqonda umhlaza wolusu

Umhlaza wolusu uqala kwiiseli, iibhloko zokwakha ezenza ulusu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiseli zesikhumba ziyakhula kwaye ziyahlukana ukuze zenze iiseli ezintsha. Yonke imihla iiseli zolusu ziyandala kwaye ziyafa, kwaye iiseli ezintsha zithatha indawo yazo.

Ngamanye amaxesha, le nkqubo yocwangco ayihambanga kakuhle. Iiseli ezintsha zivela xa ulusu lungazifuni, kwaye iiseli ezindala azifi xa kufuneka. Ezi seli zongezelelekileyo zinokwenza ubuninzi beethishu ezibizwa ngokuba kukukhula okanye ithumba.

Ukukhula okanye amathumba anokuba yingozi okanye abi:

Ukukhula kwe-Benign ayisiwo umhlaza:

Ukukhula kweBenign kunqabile ukuba kusongele ubomi.

Ngokubanzi, ukukhula okukhoyo kunokususwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo azikhuli kwakhona.

o Iiseli ezivela ekukhuleni okunesibindi azingeni kwizicwili ezibangqongileyo.

o Iiseli ezikhula kakuhle azinwenweli kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Ukukhula okuyingozi ngumhlaza:

o Uhlumo oluyingozi lunobuzaza ngokubanzi kunokukhula okunempilo. Basenokubeka ubomi esichengeni. Noko ke, ezona ndidi zixhaphakileyo zomhlaza wolusu zibangela ukufa komntu omnye kwaliwaka kuphela ngumhlaza.

Ukukhula okubi ngokufuthi kunokususwa. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ziyakhula.

o Iiseli ezivela ekukhuleni okukhohlakeleyo zinokuhlasela zonakalise izicwili kunye namalungu akufutshane.

Iiseli ezivela ekukhuleni okukhohlakeleyo zinokusasazeka ziye kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Ukusasazeka komhlaza kubizwa ngokuba yimetastasis.

Ezona ntlobo zimbini ziqhelekileyo zomhlaza wolusu ngumhlaza wesiseko somhlaza kunye nomhlaza weseli esibuhlungu. Le mihlaza ihlala yenziwa entlokweni, ebusweni, entanyeni, ezandleni nasezingalweni, kodwa umhlaza wolusu ungenzeka naphina.

• Umhlaza wolusu wesibeleko ukhula kancinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiindawo zolusu eziye zaselangeni. Kuqheleke kakhulu ebusweni. Umhlaza wesiseko osisiseko kunqabile ukuba usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Umhlaza wolusu we-squamous cell wenzeka kwiindawo ezibekwe elangeni. Kodwa kunokuba kwiindawo ezingekho elangeni. Umhlaza we-squamous cell ngamanye amaxesha usasazeka kwii-lymph nodes kunye namalungu angaphakathi emzimbeni.

Ukuba umhlaza wolusu usasazeka ukusuka kwindawo yawo yakuqala ukuya kwelinye ilungu lomzimba, ukukhula okutsha kunohlobo olufanayo lweeseli ezingaqhelekanga kunye negama elifanayo nokukhula okuphambili. Isabizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza wolusu.

Ngubani osemngciphekweni?

Oogqirha abanako ukucacisa ukuba kutheni umntu eba nomhlaza wolusu kwaye omnye engenawo. Kodwa uphando lubonakalisile ukuba abantu abanemingcipheko ethile kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunabanye ukuba babe nomhlaza wolusu. Oku kubandakanya:

• Imitha yemitha yeUltraviolet (UV) ivela elangeni, kwizibane zelanga, kwiibhedi zolusu, okanye kwizindlwana zokuthambisa. Umngcipheko womntu wokuba nomhlaza wolusu unxulunyaniswa nokuba sesichengeni ubomi bakhe bonke kwimitha yelanga yeUV. Uninzi lomhlaza wolusu luvela emva kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala, kodwa ilanga lonakalisa ulusu kwasebuntwaneni.

Imitha ye-UV ichaphazela wonke umntu. Kodwa abantu abanolusu olukhanyayo olunamabala okanye ukutsha ngokulula basengozini enkulu. Aba bantu badla ngokuba neenwele ezibomvu okanye eziblond kunye namehlo anombala okhanyayo. Kodwa nabantu abantsundu banokuba nomhlaza wolusu.

Abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezifumana amanqanaba aphezulu emitha ye-UV banomngcipheko ophezulu womhlaza wolusu. EUnited States, iindawo ezisemazantsi (ezifana neTexas neFlorida) zifumana imitha ye-UV engaphezulu kunemimandla esemantla (efana neMinnesota). Kwakhona, abantu abahlala ezintabeni bafumana imitha ye-UV ephezulu.

Ukugcina engqondweni: imitha ye-UV ibakho nakwimozulu ebandayo okanye ngemini enamafu.

• Imihlola okanye ukutsha eluswini

• Ukosulelwa ziintsholongwane ezithile ze-papilloma

• Ukudumba okungapheliyo kolusu okanye izilonda zolusu

• Izifo ezenza ulusu luvavane nelanga, njenge xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism, kunye ne-basal cell nevus syndrome

• Unyango ngemitha

• Iimeko zonyango okanye iziyobisi ezicinezela amajoni omzimba

• Imbali yakho yomhlaza wolusu omnye okanye ngaphezulu

• Imbali yosapho yomhlaza wolusu

• I-Actinic keratosis luhlobo lokukhula okucaba, okunamaxolo esikhumbeni. Idla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo ezibekwe elangeni, ingakumbi ebusweni nasemva kwezandla. Ukukhula kunokubonakala njengamabala abomvu okanye amdaka esikhumbeni. Zisenokubonakala ziqhekeka okanye zixobuka umlebe ongezantsi ongapholiyo. Ngaphandle konyango, inani elincinane lokukhula kwamaxolo lingajika libe ngumhlaza wesquamous cell.

• Isifo sika-Bowen, luhlobo lwesikhumba esirhabaxa okanye esijiyileyo esikhumbeni, sinokuthi siguquke sibe ngumhlaza wolusu olugudileyo.

Ukuba umntu ebenalo uhlobo lomhlaza wolusu ngaphandle kwe-melanoma, umngcipheko wokufumana olunye uhlobo lomhlaza unokuphindaphindeka, ngaphandle kobudala, ubuhlanga okanye indlela yokuphila enje ngokutshaya. Ezona mhlaza wolusu zimbini zixhaphakileyo-i-basal cell kunye ne-squamous cell carcinomas- zihlala zigxothwa njengezingenabungozi, kodwa zinokusebenza njengophawu olulumkisayo kwangethuba lomhlaza webele, ikholoni, imiphunga, isibindi kunye nama-ovari, phakathi kwabanye. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ulungelelwaniso oluncinci kodwa lubalulekile.

Iimpawu

Uninzi lweeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli ezinomhlaza wesikhumba zinokunyangwa ukuba zifunyenwe kwaye zanyangwa kwangoko.

Utshintsho kulusu lolona phawu luqhelekileyo lomhlaza wolusu. Oku kunokuba kukukhula okutsha, isilonda esingapholiyo, okanye inguquko ekukhuleni okudala. Ayizizo zonke iimhlaza zolusu ezijongeka ngokufanayo. Ulusu luyatshintsha ukubukela:

• Isigaxa esincinci, esigudileyo, esikhazimlayo, esiphaphathekileyo, okanye esihlwahlwazayo

• Iqhuma eliqinileyo, elibomvu

• Ukukrala okanye iqhuma eliphuma igazi okanye elivelise uqweqwe okanye ukhwekhwe

• Indawo ebomvu erhabaxa erhabaxa, eyomileyo, okanye enamaxolo kwaye inokurhawuzelelwa okanye ithembe

• Isiziba esibomvu okanye esimdaka ngebala nesirhabaxa

Maxa wambi umhlaza wolusu uba buhlungu, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo awubi njalo.

Ukuhlola ulusu lwakho ngamaxesha amatsha okanye olunye utshintsho luluvo oluhle. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba utshintsho alungowona mqondiso uqinisekileyo womhlaza wolusu. Sekunjalo, kufuneka uxele naluphi na utshintsho kumboneleli wakho wezempilo ngoko nangoko. Kuya kufuneka ukuba ubone ugqirha wesikhumba, ugqirha onoqeqesho olukhethekileyo ekuchongeni nasekunyangeni iingxaki zolusu.

Uxilongo

Ukuba unotshintsho eluswini, ugqirha kufuneka afumanise ukuba kungenxa yomhlaza okanye ngomnye unobangela. Ugqirha wakho uya kwenza i-biopsy, ukususa yonke okanye inxalenye yendawo engabonakali njengesiqhelo. Isampulu iya kwilebhu apho ugqirha wezifo ewujonga phantsi kwe-microscope. I-biopsy kuphela kwendlela eqinisekileyo yokufumanisa umhlaza wolusu.

Kukho iintlobo ezine eziqhelekileyo ze-skin biopsy:

1.I-Punch biopsy - isixhobo esibukhali, esingenanto esisetyenziselwa ukususa isangqa sezicubu kwindawo engaqhelekanga.

2. I-Incisional biopsy--i-scalpel isetyenziselwa ukususa inxalenye yokukhula.

3. I-Excisional biopsy - i-scalpel isetyenziselwa ukususa ukukhula konke kunye nezinye izicwili ezijikeleze yona.

4. Shaves biopsy - incakuba ebukhali nebukhali isetyenziselwa ukucheba ukukhula okungaqhelekanga.

Ukuba i-biopsy ibonisa ukuba unomhlaza, ugqirha wakho kufuneka azi ubungakanani (inqanaba) lesi sifo. Kwiimeko ezimbalwa kakhulu, ugqirha unokujonga ii-lymph node zakho ukwenza umhlaza.

Iqonga lisekelwe kwi:

Ubungakanani bokukhula

* Hayi indlela ekhule ngayo phantsi komphezulu wolusu

Nokuba sele inwenwele kwii-lymph node ezikufuphi okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba

Amanqanaba omhlaza wolusu:

* Inqanaba 0: Umhlaza ubandakanya kuphela umaleko ongaphezulu wolusu. Yi-carcinoma in situ.

* Inqanaba I: Ukukhula yi-2 yeesentimitha ububanzi (ikota ezintathu ze-intshi) okanye encinci.

Isigaba II: Ukukhula kukhulu kuneesentimitha ezi-2 ububanzi (iikota ezintathu ze-intshi).

* Inqanaba III: Umhlaza unwenwele ngaphantsi kolusu ukuya kwicartilage, izihlunu, ithambo, okanye kwiilymph nodes ezikufutshane. Ayisasazekanga nakwezinye iindawo emzimbeni.

Isigaba IV: Umhlaza usasazeke nakwezinye iindawo emzimbeni.

Ngamanye amaxesha wonke umhlaza uyasuswa ngexesha le-biopsy. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, akusafuneki unyango. Ukuba ufuna unyango olongezelelweyo, ugqirha wakho uya kuchaza ukhetho lwakho.

Unyango

Unyango lomhlaza wolusu luxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lesi sifo, ubungakanani kunye nendawo okhula kuyo, kunye nempilo yakho jikelele kunye nembali yonyango. Kwiimeko ezininzi, injongo yonyango kukususa okanye ukutshabalalisa umhlaza ngokupheleleyo.

Utyando lolona nyango luqhelekileyo kubantu abanomhlaza wolusu. Uninzi lomhlaza wolusu lunokususwa ngokukhawuleza nangokulula. Ngamanye amaxesha, ugqirha unokucebisa ngekhemotherapy, unyango lwe-photodynamic, okanye unyango lwe-radiation.

Ugqirha

Utyando lokunyanga umhlaza wolusu lunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Indlela oyisebenzisayo ugqirha wakho ixhomekeke kubukhulu nakwindawo yokukhula kunye nezinye izinto.

• Utyando lokukhupha ulusu lolona nyango luqhelekileyo lokususa umhlaza wolusu. Emva kokuphelisa indawo, ugqirha ususa ukukhula nge-scalpel. Ugqirha ususa umda wolusu olujikeleze ukukhula. Esi sikhumba ngumda. Umda uvavanywa phantsi kwemicroscope ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiseli zomhlaza zisusiwe. Ubungakanani bemida buxhomekeke kubungakanani bokukhula.

• Utyando lwe-Mohs (ekwabizwa ngokuba lu-Mohs micrographic surge) luhlala lusetyenziselwa umhlaza wolusu. Umda wokukhula ubanjiwe. Ugqirha oqeqeshiweyo ucheba amanqatha okukhula. Uluhlu ngalunye luvavanywa ngoko nangoko phantsi kwemicroscope. Ugqirha wotyando uyaqhubeka nokucheba izicubu kude kube kungabikho seli zomhlaza zinokubonwa phantsi kwemakroskopu. Ngale ndlela, ugqirha wotyando angawususa wonke umhlaza kunye nentwana encinci yethishu esempilweni.

• Ukufakwa kwe-electrodeiccation kunye neyeza lokunyanga zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukususa umhlaza omncinci wesisele somhlaza. Ugqirha wenza ndindisholo indawo eza kunyangwa. Umhlaza ususwa nge-curette, isixhobo esibukhali esifana necephe. Umbane uthunyelwa kwindawo enyangiweyo ukulawula ukopha kunye nokubulala naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza ezinokushiyeka. I-Electrodesiccation kunye ne-curettage ngokuqhelekileyo yinkqubo ekhawulezayo nelula.

• I-Cryosurgery isoloko isetyenziselwa abantu abangakwaziyo ukwenza olunye uhlobo lotyando. Isebenzisa ingqele egqithisileyo ukunyanga inqanaba lokuqala okanye umhlaza wolusu obhityileyo. Initrogen engamanzi ibangela ingqele. Ugqirha usebenzisa initrogen engamanzi ngokuthe ngqo ekukhuleni kwesikhumba. Olu nyango lunokubangela ukudumba. Ikwanokonakalisa imithambo-luvo, enokubangela ukulahleka kwemvakalelo kwindawo eyonakeleyo.

• Utyando lweLaser lusebenzisa isibane esimxinwa sokukhanya ukususa okanye ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukukhula okukhoyo kumaleko angaphandle kwesikhumba kuphela.

Ubugcisa ngamanye amaxesha buyafuneka ukuvala indawo evulekileyo kulusu olushiye ngotyando. Ugqirha uqala abe ndindisholo aze emva koko asuse isikhumba esisempilweni kwelinye ilungu lomzimba, elifana nethanga eliphezulu. Isiqwenga sisetyenziselwa ukugubungela indawo apho umhlaza wolusu ususwe khona. Ukuba unesikhumba esixhonyiweyo, kuya kufuneka ukhathalele loo ndawo de ibe iyaphola.

Emva kokuvula

Ixesha elithathayo ukuphilisa emva kokuhlinzwa lihlukile kumntu ngamnye. Usenokungakhululeki kwiintsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, iyeza liyakwazi ukulawula intlungu. Phambi kotyando, kuya kufuneka uxoxe nogqirha okanye nomongikazi ngesicwangciso sokuthomalalisa iintlungu. Emva kokuhlinzwa, ugqirha wakho unokulungelelanisa isicwangciso.

Utyando phantse luhlala lushiya uhlobo oluthile lwesibazi. Ubungakanani kunye nombala wesikhumba buxhomekeke kubukhulu bomhlaza, uhlobo lotyando, kunye nendlela ulusu lwakho oluphola ngayo.

Ngalo naluphi na uhlobo lotyando, kubandakanya ukufakelwa ulusu okanye utyando lokwakha ngokutsha, kubalulekile ukulandela ingcebiso kagqirha ngokuhlamba, ukucheba, ukwenza umthambo, okanye ezinye izinto.

Ikhemotherapy yezihloko

I-Chemotherapy isebenzisa amayeza okulwa nomhlaza ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza wolusu. Xa ichiza lifakwa ngokuthe ngqo kulusu, unyango lonyango lwe-chemotherapy. Ihlala isetyenziswa xa umhlaza wolusu umkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungatyandwa. Kukwasetyenziswa xa ugqirha eqhubeka nokufumana umhlaza omtsha.

Rhoqo, ichiza liza cream okanye into yokuthambisa. Ihlala isetyenziswa kulusu olunye okanye amaxesha amabini ngosuku iiveki ezininzi. Ichiza elibizwa ngokuba yi-fluorouracil (5-FU) lisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-basal cell kunye ne-squamous cell cancers ekumaleko ongentla wolusu kuphela. Iyeza elibizwa ngokuba yi-imiquimod lisetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza we-basal cell kuphela kulusu oluphezulu lolusu.

La machiza anokubangela ukuba isikhumba sakho sijike sibe bomvu okanye sidumbe. Isenokurhawuzelelwa, ibebuhlungu, ikhuphe, okanye ibe nerhashalala. Inokuba buhlungu okanye ibuthathaka elangeni. Olu tshintsho lwesikhumba ludla ngokuhamba emva kokuba unyango luphelile. Ichemotherapy ephuma kwizihloko ngokuqhelekileyo ayishiyi isiva. Ukuba ulusu olusempilweni luba bomvu kakhulu okanye luhlaza xa unyangwa umhlaza wolusu, ugqirha wakho angayeka unyango.

Unyango lwe-Photodynamic

Unyango lwe-Photodynamic (PDT) lusebenzisa imichiza kunye nomthombo okhethekileyo wokukhanya, njengokukhanya kwelaser, ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza. Ikhemikhali yi-agent ye-photosensitizing. Isithambisi sifakwa eluswini okanye kufakwe imichiza. Ihlala kwiiseli zomhlaza ixesha elide kuneeseli eziqhelekileyo. Iiyure ezininzi okanye iintsuku kamva, ukukhanya okukhethekileyo kugxile ekukhuleni. Ikhemikhali iyasebenza kwaye itshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza ezikufutshane.

I-PDT isetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza okanye kufutshane nomphezulu wolusu.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-PDT zihlala zingabalulekanga. I-PDT inokubangela iintlungu ezivuthayo okanye ezihlabayo. Ikwanokubangela ukutsha, ukudumba, okanye ubomvu. Ingabonakalisa izicwili ezisempilweni kufutshane nokukhula. Ukuba une-PDT, kuyakufuneka uphephe ukukhanya kwelanga ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokukhanya okungaphakathi okuqaqambileyo okungenani iiveki ezi-6 emva konyango.

Unyango ngemitha

Unyango ngemitha (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiradiotherapy) isebenzisa imitha yamandla aphezulu ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza. Imitha ivela kumatshini omkhulu ongaphandle komzimba. Zichaphazela iiseli kuphela kwindawo enyangiweyo. Olu nyango lunikwa esibhedlele okanye eklinikhi kwidosi enye okanye idosi ezininzi kwiiveki ezininzi.

Imitha ayisiyonyango eqhelekileyo yomhlaza wolusu. Kodwa inokusetyenziswa kumhlaza wolusu kwiindawo apho utyando lunokuba nzima okanye lushiye inxeba elibi. Unokuba nalo olu nyango ukuba unokukhula kwinkophe yakho, indlebe, okanye impumlo. Isenokusetyenziswa ukuba umhlaza ubuye emva kotyando ukuwususa.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zixhomekeka ikakhulu kwidosi yemitha kunye nakwinxalenye yomzimba wakho ephathwayo. Ngexesha lonyango ulusu lwakho kwindawo enyangiweyo lunokuba bomvu, lome, kwaye lithambe. Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ngeendlela zokukhulula iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango kunyango.

Ukhathalelo lokulandela

Unonophelo olulandelayo emva konyango lomhlaza wolusu lubalulekile. Ugqirha wakho uya kubeka iliso ekubuyiseni kwakho kwaye ajonge umhlaza wolusu omtsha. Umhlaza wolusu omtsha uxhaphake ngaphezu kokuba umhlaza wolusu onyangwayo usasazeke. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kwimpilo yakho luyaqatshelwa lunyangwe xa luyimfuneko. Phakathi kotyelelo olucwangcisiweyo, kufuneka ujonge ulusu lwakho rhoqo. Nxibelelana nogqirha xa ubona into engaqhelekanga. Kukwabalulekile ukuba ulandele iingcebiso zikagqirha wakho malunga nendlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wolusu kwakhona.

Indlela yokwenza uvavanyo lokuzihlola kwesikhumba

Ugqirha wakho okanye umongikazi unokucebisa ukuba uzihlole rhoqo ulusu ukujonga umhlaza wolusu, kuquka nemelanoma.

Elona xesha lilungileyo lokwenza olu vavanyo kusemva kweshawa okanye ibhafu. Kuya kufuneka ujonge ulusu lwakho kwigumbi elinokukhanya okuninzi. Sebenzisa zombini ubude obugcweleyo kunye nesipili esiphethwe ngesandla. Kungcono ukuqala ngokufunda apho amanqaku akho okuzalwa, i-moles, kunye namanye amanqaku kunye nokujonga kunye nokuziva kwabo kwesiqhelo.

Jonga nantoni na entsha:

* Imole entsha (ekhangeleka yahlukile kwezinye iinyangana zakho)

* Umbala omtsha obomvu okanye omnyama isiziba esithe gabalala esinokuthi siphakanyiswe kancinane

* Iqhuma elitsha eliqinileyo elinombala wenyama

* Guqula ubungakanani, imilo, umbala, okanye ukuvakala kwemole

Intlungu engapholiyo

Zihlole ukusuka entloko ukuya eluzwaneni. Ungalibali ukujonga umqolo wakho, isikhumba sekhanda, indawo yesini, naphakathi kweempundu zakho.

Jonga ubuso bakho, intamo, iindlebe kunye nentloko. Unokufuna ukusebenzisa ikama okanye isomisi esivuthuzayo ukuhambisa iinwele zakho ukuze ubone ngcono. Kwakhona unokufuna ukuba nesihlobo okanye umhlobo ahlole iinwele zakho. Kunokuba nzima ukujonga isikhumba sakho sasentloko ngokwakho.

* Jonga ngaphambili nangasemva komzimba wakho esipilini. Emva koko, phakamisa iingalo zakho kwaye ujonge kwicala lasekhohlo nasekunene.

Gobela iingqiniba zakho. Jonga ngononophelo kwiinzipho zakho, iintende, iingalo (kubandakanya amacala angaphantsi), kunye neengalo ezingaphezulu.

Hlola umva, umphambili, kunye namacala emilenze yakho. Jonga ngeenxa zonke indawo yakho yesini kunye naphakathi kweempundu zakho.

Hlala uhlolisise iinyawo zakho, kubandakanya iinzwane zakho, iinyawo zakho, kunye nezithuba eziphakathi kweenzwane zakho.

Ngokujonga ulusu lwakho rhoqo, uya kufunda into eqhelekileyo kuwe. Kunokuba luncedo ukurekhoda imihla yovavanyo lwakho lolusu kunye nokubhala amanqaku malunga nendlela olujonga ngayo ulusu lwakho. Ukuba ugqirha wakho uthathe iifoto zolusu lwakho, unokuthelekisa ulusu lwakho kwiifoto ukunceda ukujonga utshintsho. Ukuba ufumana nantoni na engaqhelekanga, jonga ugqirha wakho.

Uthintelo

Eyona ndlela yokuthintela umhlaza wolusu kukuzikhusela elangeni. Khusela abantwana besebancinci. Oogqirha bacebisa ukuba abantu bayo yonke iminyaka banciphise ixesha labo elangeni kwaye bayiphephe eminye imithombo yelanga:

• Kungcono ukuba ungangeni kwilanga lasemini emaqanda (ukususela phakathi kwasekuseni ukuya emva kwemini) nanini na apho unako. Imitha ye-UV yomelele phakathi kwe-10 kusasa kunye ne-4 emva kwemini. Kuya kufuneka uzikhusele kwimitha ye-UV ebonakaliswe sisanti, ngamanzi, ngekhephu nakumkhenkce. Imitha ye-UV inokuhamba ngempahla elula, iifestile, iifestile kunye namafu.

• Sebenzisa i-sunscreen yonke imihla. Malunga nama-80 ekhulwini omlinganiselo wobomi bomntu ogqatswa lilanga ngamabona-ndenzile. I-sunscreen inokunceda ukuthintela umhlaza wolusu, ngakumbi i-sunscreen ebanzi (ukucoca i-UVB kunye nemitha ye-UVA) ngesikhuseli selanga (i-SPF) ubuncinci be-15. Khumbula, ukuba usavezwa yimitha ye-UV ngeentsuku ezinamafu: Nditsho ngemini emnyama nemvula, ama-20 ukuya kuma-30 ekhulwini emitha yelitha yeUV angena emafini. Ngosuku olunamafu, ama-60 ukuya kuma-70 epesenti ayagqitha, kwaye ukuba ayicacanga, phantse yonke imitha ye-UV iya kukufikelela.

• Faka i-sunscreen ekunene. Kuqala qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa ngokwaneleyo - i-ounce enye (iglasi edubulayo igcwele) kuwo wonke umzimba wakho. Yiqabe ngemizuzu engama-30 phambi kokuba ubethwe elangeni. Ungalibali ukugubungela amabala abantu abahlala bephoswa: imilebe, izandla, iindlebe kunye nempumlo. Faka isicelo kwakhona rhoqo kwiiyure ezimbini--ngosuku elunxwemeni kufuneka usebenzise ibhotile ye-8-ounce kuphela kuwe-kodwa ukhulule itawuli kuqala; amanzi ahlambulula i-SPF.

• Nxiba imikhono emide neebhulukhwe ezinde zamalaphu alukhuni kunye nemibala emnyama. Ngokomzekelo, i-T-shirt ye-cotton ebomvu-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ine-UPF ye-10, ngelixa umhlophe ubeka i-7. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba ukuba iingubo ziba manzi, ukukhuselwa kwehla ngesiqingatha. Khetha umnqwazi onomphetho obanzi- ubuncinci ubuncinci ii-intshi ezi-2 - 3 ngeenxa zonke- kunye nezibuko zelanga ezifunxa i-UV. Unokufuna ukuzama iimpahla ze-UPF. Iphathwa ngengubo ekhethekileyo ukunceda ukufunxa zombini i-UVA kunye nemitha ye-UVB. Njengakwi-SPF, iphezulu i-UPF (isusela kwi-15 kuye kwi-50 +), kokukhona iyakhusela.

• Khetha iperi yezibuko zelanga ezibhalwe ngokucacileyo ukuba zithintele ubuncinci i-99 pesenti yemitha ye-UV; ayizizo zonke ezenzayo. Iilensi ezibanzi ziya kuzikhusela kakuhle isikhumba esibuthathaka esisekujikelezeni kwamehlo akho, ungasathethi ke ngamehlo akho (Ukuvezwa kwe-UV kunokuba negalelo kwintsholongwane kunye nokulahleka kombono kamva ebomini).

• Sukuhlala kwizibane zelanga nakwiindawo zokuhlala izikhumba.

• Yiba nokuhamba. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseRutgers babonisa ukuba iimpuku ezisebenzayo zivelisa umhlaza wolusu ezimbalwa kunalowo uhleli phantsi, kwaye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kunjalo nakubantu. Ukuzilolonga kuqinisa amajoni omzimba, mhlawumbi ukunceda umzimba ukuba uzikhusele ngcono kumhlaza.

Itshintshwe ngokwenxalenye yeZiko leSizwe loMhlaza (www.cancer.gov)

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