Itetrachromacy ('Umbono oMkhulu')

Umxholo

• I-Tetrachromacy vs. i-trichromacy
• Oonobangela betetrachromacy
• Uvavanyo olusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa itetrachromacy
• I-Tetrachromacy kwiindaba

Yintoni itetrachromacy?

Wakhe weva malunga neentonga kunye neekhowuni ezivela kwiklasi yesayensi okanye ugqirha wamehlo? Zizinto ezisemehlweni akho ezikunceda ubone ukukhanya kunye nemibala. Zibekwe ngaphakathi kwiretina. Lowo ngumaleko wethishu ebhityileyo ngasemva kwamehlo akho kufutshane ne-optic nerve yakho.

Iirandi kunye neecones kubalulekile ekuboneni. Iirandi zinobuthathaka ekukhanyeni kwaye zibalulekile ekukuvumeleni ukuba ubone ebumnyameni. Iicones zinoxanduva lokukuvumela ukuba ubone imibala.

Uninzi lwabantu, kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezinjengee-gorila, ii-orangutan, kunye ne-chimpanzee kunye nezinye, zibona umbala kwiindidi ezintathu zeecones. Inkqubo yokubonakalisa umbala yaziwa ngokuba yi-trichromacy ("imibala emithathu").

Kodwa bukhona ubungqina bokuba kukho abantu abaneendlela zokuqonda imibala eyahlukileyo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-tetrachromacy.

I-Tetrachromacy icingelwa ukuba inqabile phakathi kwabantu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba kuxhaphake kakhulu kwabasetyhini kunamadoda. Uphononongo luka-2010 lubonisa ukuba phantse iipesenti ezili-12 zabasetyhini banokuba nalo mzila wesine wokujonga umbala.

Amadoda awanakufane abe ziitetrachromats. Amadoda eneneni kunokwenzeka ukuba abe yimfama ngombala okanye angakwazi ukuqonda imibala emininzi njengabafazi. Oku kungenxa yelifa elingaqhelekanga kwiicones zabo.

Makhe sifunde ngakumbi malunga nokuba i-tetrachromacy igcina njani ngokuchasene nombono oqhelekileyo we-trichromatic, yintoni ebangela i-tetrachromacy, kunye nendlela onokufumanisa ngayo ukuba unayo.

I-Tetrachromacy vs. i-trichromacy

Umntu oqhelekileyo uneentlobo ezintathu zeekhoni ezikufutshane neretina ezikuvumela ukuba ubone imibala eyahlukeneyo kwibala:

• Iifowuni ezimfutshane (S): ukuva imibala ngemibala enobude obufutshane, njengombala omfusa kunye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• umbane ophakathi (M): Uvakalelo kwimibala enobude obude obuphakathi, njengokuphuzi kunye nokuhlaza
• amaza ombane amade (L): uvakalelo kwimibala enobude obude obude, obomvu kunye neorenji

Oku kwaziwa njengethiyori ye-trichromacy. Ukufotwa kwezi ntlobo zontathu zeecones kukunika amandla okuqonda umbala opheleleyo.

Iifoto zenziwe ngeprotein ebizwa ngokuba yi-opsin kunye nemolekyuli enovakalelo ekukhanyeni. Le molekyuli yaziwa ngokuba yi-11-cis retinal. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeefotopigments zisabela kwimibala ethile yamaza evelwano anomdla kuwo. Oku kubangela ukuba ukwazi ukubona le mibala.

Iitetrachromats zinodidi lwesine lwekhowuni enefotopigment evumela ukuqonda kwemibala engaphezulu kwembonakalo ebonakalayo. Umbala waziwa ngcono njenge-ROY G. BIV (Red, OUluhlu, Yellow, UGingcongolo, Blue, Mnandigo, kunye VIolet).

Ubukho bale fotopigment eyongezelelweyo bunokuvumela i-tetrachromat ukuba ibone iinkcukacha ngakumbi okanye iindidi ngaphakathi kwembonakalo ebonakalayo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yithiyori yetetrachromacy.

Ngelixa ii-trichromats zinokubona malunga nesigidi esi-1 semibala, iitetrachromats zinokukwazi ukubona imibala emangazayo ye-100 yezigidi, ngokukaJay Neitz, PhD, unjingalwazi wamehlo kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington, oye wafunda umbono wemibala kakhulu.

Oonobangela betetrachromacy

Nantsi indlela umbala wakho wokuqonda osebenza ngayo:

1. Iretina ithatha ukukhanya kumfundi wakho. Oku kukuvula ngaphambili kwamehlo akho.
2. Ukukhanya kunye nokuhamba ngombala kwilensi yeliso lakho kwaye ube yinxalenye yomfanekiso ojolise kuwo.
3. Iicones ziguqula ukukhanya kunye nemibala yolwazi ibe ziimpawu ezintathu ezahlukileyo: bomvu, luhlaza, noblowu.
4. Ezi ntlobo zintathu zemiqondiso zithunyelwa kwingqondo kwaye zilungiswe kulwazi lwengqondo lwento oyibonayo.

Umntu oqhelekileyo uneentlobo ezintathu zeekoni ezahlulahlula ulwazi ngombala obonakalayo lube ngumqondiso obomvu, oluhlaza, kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezi miqondiso zinokudityaniswa kwingqondo zibe ngumyalezo opheleleyo obonakalayo.

Iitetrachromats zinolunye uhlobo lwecone ezibavumela ukuba babone ubungakanani besine bemibala. Iziphumo zivela kuguquko lwemfuza. Kwaye kukho isizathu esihle semfuza sokuba kutheni iitetrachromat kunokwenzeka ukuba zibe ngabafazi. Ukutshintsha kwetetrachromacy kugqitha kwi-X chromosome kuphela.

Abasetyhini bafumana ii-chromosomes ezimbini ze-X, enye ivela kunina (XX) kwaye enye ivela kutata wabo (XY). Banethuba lokufumana ilifa ukutshintsha okuyimfuneko kwii-chromosomes zombini ze-X. Amadoda afumana i-X chromosome enye. Ukutshintsha kwabo kuhlala kukhokelela kubuchwephesha obungathandekiyo okanye umbala ongaboniyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba ii-M okanye ii-L zazo azibonisi imibala efanelekileyo.

Umama okanye intombi yomntu one-trichromacy engaqhelekanga kunokwenzeka ukuba ibe yi-tetrachromat. Enye yee-chromosomes zakhe ze-X zinokuthwala uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-M kunye no-L. Enye into enokuthi ihlale iphethe ii-genes ze-L kunye ne-L eguqulweyo edlula kutata okanye kunyana ene-trichromacy engathandekiyo.

Enye yezi zimbini ze-chromosomes ze-X ekugqibeleni zenziwe zasebenza ekuphuhlisweni kweeseli zekhowuni kwi-retina. Oku kubangela ukuba i-retina iphuhlise iintlobo ezine zeeseli zeseli ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-X zofuzo ezidluliselwa zisuka kumama notata.

Ezinye iintlobo, kubandakanya abantu, ngokulula azidingi tetrachromacy kuyo nayiphi na injongo yendaleko. Baphantse baphulukana nesakhono ngokupheleleyo. Kwezinye iintlobo, i-tetrachromacy imalunga nokusinda.

Iindidi zeentaka, ezinje, zifuna itetrachromacy ukufumana ukutya okanye ukukhetha iqabane. Kwaye ubudlelwane bokudluliselwa kwepoleni phakathi kwezinambuzane ezithile kunye neentyatyambo kubangele ukukhula kwezityalo. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba izinambuzane ziguquke ziyibone le mibala. Ngale ndlela, bazi kakuhle ukuba zeziphi izityalo abanokukhetha kuzo ukuze bavumeleke.

Uvavanyo olusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa itetrachromacy

Kungaba nzima ukwazi ukuba uyitetrachromat ukuba awuzange uvavanywe. Unokuthatha nje amandla akho okubona imibala eyongezelelweyo ngokungakhathali kuba awunayo enye inkqubo ebonakalayo yokuthelekisa eyakho.

Indlela yokuqala yokufumanisa ubume bakho kukwenza uvavanyo lwemfuzo. Iprofayili epheleleyo ye-genome yakho yangasese inokufumana utshintsho kwiijethi zakho ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwii-cones zakho zesine. Uvavanyo lwemfuza lwabazali bakho lunokufumana kwakhona imizila yemfuza eguqulweyo edluliselwe kuwe.

Kodwa uyazi njani ukuba eneneni uyakwazi ukwahlula imibala eyongezelelekileyo kuleya ikhowuni ingaphezulu?

Kulapho uphando lungena khona. Kukho iindlela ezininzi onokufumanisa ukuba uyi-tetrachromat.

Uvavanyo lokuthelekisa umbala lolona vavanyo lubalulekileyo lwe-tetrachromacy. Iyahamba ngolu hlobo kwimeko yesifundo sophando:

1. Abaphandi babonisa abathathi-nxaxheba ngeseti yemixube emibini yemibala eya kujongeka ngokufanayo kwiitrichromats kodwa eyahlukileyo kwiitetrachromats.
2. Inqanaba labathathi-nxaxheba ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10 ukuba le mxube ifana kangakanani na.
3. Abathathi-nxaxheba banikwa iiseti ezifanayo zemixube yemibala ngexesha elahlukileyo, ngaphandle kokuxelelwa ukuba bayindibaniselwano efanayo, ukubona ukuba iimpendulo zabo ziyatshintsha okanye zihlala zinjalo.

Iitetrachromats eziyinyani ziya kuyilinganisela le mibala ngendlela efanayo ngalo lonke ixesha, oko kuthetha ukuba zinako ukwahlula phakathi kwemibala evezwe kwiibini ezimbini.

Iitrikhromats zinokulinganisa imixube yemibala efanayo ngokwahlukeneyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, oko kuthetha ukuba bakhetha amanani angahleliwe.

Qaphela ukuba naziphi na iimvavanyo ezikwi-Intanethi ezithi zibenakho ukufumanisa i-tetrachromacy kufuneka zisonjululwe ngokungathandabuzeki. Ngokwabaphandi beYunivesithi yaseNewcastle, ukusikelwa umda kokubonisa umbala kwizikrini zekhompyuter kwenza ukuba uvavanyo lwe-Intanethi lungabinakwenzeka.

I-Tetrachromacy kwiindaba

Iitetrachromats zinqabile, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zenza amaza amakhulu eendaba.

Isifundo kwi-2010 yeJenali yoBono yokufunda, eyaziwa kuphela njenge-cDa29, yayinombono ogqibeleleyo weetetrachromatic. Akenzanga mpazamo kwiimvavanyo zakhe zokufanisa umbala, kwaye iimpendulo zakhe zakhawuleza ngokukhawuleza.

Ungumntu wokuqala ukuba angqinwe yisayensi ukuba abe neetetrachromacy. Ibali lakhe kamva lathatyathwa ngamaziko amaninzi ezenzululwazi, njenge-Discover magazine.

Kwi-2014, igcisa kunye netetrachromat uConcetta Antico wabelana ngobugcisa bakhe kunye namava akhe kwiBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Ngamazwi akhe, itetrachromacy imvumela ukuba abone, umzekelo, "ingwevu engacacanga… [njengama-orenji, yellows, luhlaza, luhlaza, nepinki."

Ngelixa amathuba akho okuba yi-tetrachromat esenokuba mncinci, la mabali abonisa ukuba obu bunqabileyo buqhubeka njani ukubenza umdla kuthi abo banombono oqhelekileyo wee-cone ezintathu.