IiMicrowaves: Imibuzo yakho iyaphendulwa

Umxholo

• Kwenzeka ntoni ekutyeni xa kuphekwe kwimicrowave?
• Luluphi utshintsho olwenzeka kwiimolekyuli, ukuba lukhona, olwenzekayo ekutyeni xa kusenziwa i-microwave?
• Luluphi utshintsho lwezondlo, ukuba lukhona, olwenzekayo ekutyeni xa kusenziwa i-microwave?
• Zeziphi iziphumo ezinokubakho zokutya okuncinci?
• Kucetyisiwe ukuba izityalo ezinikwe amanzi amancinci amancinci azikhuli. Ngaba oku kuyasebenza?
• Ngaba kukho umahluko olinganisekayo phakathi kwesitovu- okanye ukutya okuphekwe nge-oveni kunye nokutya okuphekwe ngemicrowave?

Ngama-1940, uPercy Spencer eRaytheon wayevavanya i-magnetron-isixhobo esivelisa ii-microwaves-xa wafumanisa ukuba i-candy bar epokothweni yakhe inyibilikile.

Ukufunyanwa ngengozi kungamkhokelela ekuphuhliseni into esiyaziyo ngoku njenge-oveni ye-microwave yanamhlanje. Kule minyaka idlulileyo, esi sixhobo sasekhitshini siye saba yinto enye eyenza umsebenzi wasekhaya ube lula.

Nangona kunjalo imibuzo ejikeleze ukhuseleko lwee-microwave ovens zihlala. Ngaba imitha esetyenziswayo zezi oveni ikhuselekile ebantwini? Ngaba imitha efanayo itshabalalisa izakha mzimba kukutya kwethu? Kwaye uthini malunga lonto Uphononongo olwenziwe kwizityalo ezondliwe ngamanzi ashushu ashushu (ngakumbi koku kamva)?

Ukuphendula eminye yemibuzo ethandwayo (kunye nokucinezelwa) ejikeleze ii-microwaves, sibuze uluvo lweengcali ezintathu zonyango: uNatalie Olsen, RD, LD, ACSM EP-C, ugqirha wezidlo obhalisiweyo kunye noqeqesho lomzimba; Natalie Butler, RD, LD, ugqirha wezidlo obhalisiweyo; kunye noKaren Gill, MD, ugqirha wabantwana.

Nantsi into ebebeyithethile.

Kwenzeka ntoni ekutyeni xa kuphekwe kwimicrowave?

Natalie Olsen: IiMicrowave luhlobo lwe-radiation engafakwanga ngumbane kwaye isetyenziselwa ukufudumeza ukutya ngokukhawuleza. Zenza ukuba iimolekyuli zingcangcazele kwaye zenze amandla obushushu (ubushushu).

Ngokutsho kwe-FDA, olu hlobo lwemitha alunamandla ngokwaneleyo okubetha ii-electron kwii-athomu. Oku kwahlukile kwimitha ye-ionizing, enokutshintsha ii-athomu kunye neemolekyuli kwaye ibangele ukonakala kweselula.

Natalie Butler: Amaza ombane we-electromagnetic radiation, okanye ii-microwaves, ahanjiswa yityhubhu yombane ebizwa ngokuba yimagnetron. La maza afunxwa ziimolekyuli zamanzi ekutyeni, ezibangela ukuba [iimolekyuli] zingcangcazelele ngokukhawuleza, zikhokelele kukutya okufudumeleyo.

UKaren Gill: Ii-oveni zemicrowave zisebenzisa amaza ombane obude obuchanekileyo kunye nexesha lokufudumeza kunye nokupheka ukutya. La maza ajolise kwizinto ezithile, esebenzisa amandla awo ukuvelisa ubushushu, kwaye ikakhulu ngamanzi okutya kwakho ashushu.

Luluphi utshintsho olwenzeka kwiimolekyuli, ukuba lukhona, olwenzekayo ekutyeni xa kusenziwa i-microwave?

HAYI: Utshintsho oluncinci kakhulu lweemolekyuli luyenzeka nge-microwaving, ngenxa yamaza amandla asezantsi anikiweyo. Kuba athathwa njengamaza angadibaniyo, utshintsho lweekhemikhali kwiimolekyuli kukutya akwenzeki.

Xa ukutya kufudunyezwa kwi-microwave, amandla ayangena ekutyeni, ebangela ii-ions ekukutya ukuba kugudle kwaye kujikeleze [kubangele] ukungqubana okuncinci. Yiyo le eyenza ukungqubana kunye nobushushu. Ke ngoko, ekuphela kotshintsho lwekhemikhali okanye lomzimba kukutya kukuba ngoku kufudunyeziwe.

QAPHELA: Iimolekyuli zamanzi ekutyeni okutyibilikayo zingcangcazela ngokukhawuleza njengoko zifunxa amaza ombane wombane. Ukutya okuphekiweyo okuphekiweyo kunye nokutyiwa kakhulu kuya kufumana irabha, ukoma ngenxa yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunye nokonyuka kolophu okukhawulezayo kweemolekyuli zamanzi.

IKG: Ii Microwaves zibangela ukuba iimolekyuli zamanzi zihambe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibangele ukungqubana phakathi kwazo-oku kudala ubushushu. Iimolekyuli zamanzi zitshintsha ubumenyemenye, obaziwa ngokuba yi "flipping", ngokuphendula kumhlaba wombane owenziwe zii-microwave. Emva kokuba i-microwave icinyiwe, intsimi yamandla ihambile kwaye iimolekyuli zamanzi ziyeke ukutshintsha ubukhulu.

Luluphi utshintsho lwezondlo, ukuba lukhona, olwenzekayo ekutyeni xa kusenziwa i-microwave?

HAYI: Xa kufudunyezwa, ezinye izondlo ekutyeni ziya konakala, nokuba iphekwe kwimicrowave, esitovini okanye ehovini. Oko kwathiwa, iMpilo yeHarvard ichaze ukutya okuphekwe okona kulifutshane, kwaye isebenzisa ulwelo oluncinci kangangoko, kuya kugcina izondlo. Imicrowave inokukufeza oku, njengoko iyindlela ekhawulezayo yokupheka.

Olunye uphononongo luka-2009 olwaluthelekisa ilahleko yesondlo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokupheka lwafumanisa ukuba ukosa, ukupheka i-microwave, kunye nokubhaka [ziindlela] ezivelisa ezona lahleko ziphantsi zezakha-mzimba kunye nee-antioxidants.

QAPHELA: Umxholo wamanzi ngaphakathi kokutya okune-microwaved uyancitshiswa njengoko ushushu ngokukhawuleza. Xa kuphekwe okanye kuphekwe kakhulu kwimicrowave, ukutya ukutya kunokuba yinto engathandekiyo. Iiprotheyini zinokuba yirabha, ukuthamba kwe-crispy kuthambe, kunye nokutya okufumileyo kuyoma.

Kwangokunjalo, ivithamin C yivithamini e-soluble enamanzi e-ethe-ethe kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu kukuthotywa ngokupheka ngemicrowave kunokupheka ngokuhambisa. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa ukupheka kwe-microwave kunganciphisa i-antioxidant (i-vitamin kunye ne-phytonutrient concentrations yezityalo ezithile), ziyakwazi ukugcina ezinye izondlo ezingcono kwizityalo ezifanayo kunezinye iindlela zokupheka, njengokugcoba okanye ukucima.

I-Microwaving, inokunciphisa umxholo webhaktiriya wokutya, onokuba yeyona ndlela iluncedo yokutya kunye nokhuseleko lokutya. Umzekelo, ikhaphetshu ebomvu ebomvu yongamela ukubamba ukhuseleko kodwa imbi xa uzama ukugcina ivithamin C.

I-microwave engcono ikhusela i-quercetin, i-flavonoid kwi-cauliflower, kodwa iyimbi ngakumbi ekukhuseleni i-kaempferol, i-flavonoid eyahlukileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nokubila.

Ngapha koko, i-microwaving igalikhi etyunyuziweyo kwimizuzwana engama-60 inqanda kakhulu umxholo wayo we-allicin, ikhompawundi enamandla. Kufunyenwe, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uyayiphumlisa igalikhi kangangemizuzu eli-10 emva kokuyityumza, ininzi ye-allicin ikhuselekile ngexesha lokupheka kwemicrowave.

IKG: Zonke iindlela zokupheka ukutya zibangela ilahleko yezondlo ngenxa yokufudumeza. Ukutya ngemicrowave kulungile ukugcina izakhamzimba kuba awudingi ukusebenzisa isixa esikhulu samanzi ongezelelweyo (njengokubilisa) kunye nokupheka kwakho kokutya okwexeshana.

Imifuno ilungele ngokukodwa ukupheka i-microwave, njengoko inamanzi amaninzi kwaye, ke, ipheka ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokufuna amanzi ongezelelweyo. Oku kuyafana nokubila, kodwa ngokukhawuleza.

Zeziphi iziphumo ezinokubakho zokutya okuncinci?

HAYI: I-Scientific American inike inkcazo evela ku-Anuradha Prakash, unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwiSebe lezeNzululwazi yokutya kunye nesondlo kwiYunivesithi yaseChapman, eyathi abukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ukuba impilo yomntu ichaphazeleke kakubi yimicrowave.

Kwathiwa, "ngokokwazi kwethu, ii-microwaves azinampembelelo ekutyeni." Ngamanye amagama, ngaphandle kokutshintsha iqondo lobushushu lokutya, kuncinci kakhulu ukuba kungabikho mpembelelo.

QAPHELA: Izikhongozeli zokutya zeplastikhi ezifakwe imicroowave zinokufaka imichiza enetyhefu ekutyeni kwaye kufanelekile oko - sebenzisa iglasi endaweni yoko. Ukuvuza kwemitha kunokwenzeka nakwimicrowave engacwangciswanga kakuhle, ephosakeleyo, okanye ezindala, ke qiniseka ukuba ume okungenani ii-intshi ezintandathu ukusuka kwimicrowave xa upheka.

IKG: Akukho ziphumo zimfutshane okanye zexesha elide ezivela kukutya okuncinci. Owona mngcipheko mkhulu ulwelo oluncinci okanye ukutya okunomthamo wamanzi kukuba banokufudumeza ngokungalinganiyo okanye kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu.

Ngalo lonke ixesha hlanganisa ukutya kunye nolwelo emva kokuzifaka kwi-microwave naphambi kokujonga ubushushu. Kwakhona, khetha izikhongozeli ezikhuselekileyo kwimicrowave zokufudumeza kunye nokupheka.

Kucetyisiwe ukuba izityalo ezinikwe amanzi amancinci amancinci azikhuli. Ngaba oku kuyasebenza?

HAYI: Uphando koku kuhanjiswa. Olunye uphononongo lubonakalise impembelelo kwizityalo ngendlela engalunganga xa kusetyenziswa amanzi amancinci amancinci. Kubonakalisiwe ukuba ukusasazeka kwemitha kwizityalo kunokuchaphazela ukubonakaliswa kobume babo kunye nobomi. Oku, nangona kunjalo, kubonwa ikakhulu yimitha ye-ionizing (okanye i-radiation ephezulu yamandla) [kunokuba] kunemitha ekhutshwa zii-microwaves (ukungadibanisi, amandla asezantsi).

QAPHELA: Iprojekhthi yentsulungeko yesayensi ethe yafunda ngesiphumo samanzi e-microwave kwizityalo yaqala ukusasazeka ngo-2008. Kude kube namhla, amanzi e-microwaved asephantsi kombuzo.

Amanzi amancinci amancinci abonakalisiwe kwizifundo ezithile ukuphucula ukukhula kwembewu yezityalo kunye nokuhluma, njengakwimbewu ye-chickpea, ngelixa yayineziphumo ezichaseneyo nezinye izityalo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yotshintsho kwi-pH, ukusebenza kwezimbiwa, kunye nokuhamba kwemolekyuli yamanzi.

Olunye uphando lukwabonisa iziphumo ezingqubanayo kumxholo weklorophyll wezityalo: Ezinye izityalo ziye zanciphisa umbala kunye nomxholo weklorophyll xa unkcenkceshelwa ngamanzi amancinci, ngelixa ezinye zivelisiwe ziye zonyusa umxholo weklorophyll. Kubonakala ngathi ezinye izityalo zithambile kwimitha ye-microwave kunezinye.

IKG: Hayi, oku akuchanekanga. Le ntsomi ijikeleze iminyaka kwaye ibonakala ngathi ivela kulingelo lwesayensi yomntwana. Amanzi afudunyezwe kwimicrowave emva koko apholiswa ayafana nalawo manzi ngaphambi kokuba afudunyezwe.Akukho lutshintsho luhlala luhleli kulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli xa zifudunyezwe kwimicrowave.

Ngaba kukho umahluko olinganisekayo phakathi kwesitovu- okanye ukutya okuphekwe nge-oveni kunye nokutya okuphekwe ngemicrowave?

HAYI: Ii-oveni zemicrowave zinokupheka okungcono njengoko ushushubeza ukutya ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, kunokuba ungaphandle ngaphakathi, njengoko kunjalo kwisitovu okanye i-oveni. Ke ngoko, umahluko ophambili phakathi kokutya okuphekwe kwisitovu okanye i-oveni ngokuchasene nemicrowave lixesha lokupheka.

Ngokwe-World Health Organisation (i-WHO), ukutya okuphekwe kwi-oven microwave kukhuselekile kwaye kunexabiso elifanayo lezondlo njengokutya okuphekwe esitovini.

QAPHELA: Ewe umahluko kukutya okuphekwe kwimicrowave xa ithelekiswa nezinye iindlela inokulinganiswa ngokombala, uburhabaxa, umxholo wokufuma, kunye nepolyphenol okanye umxholo weevithamini.

IKG: Ngokubanzi, hayi, akukho. Uhlobo lokutya okuphekayo, ubungakanani bamanzi owafakileyo ukupheka, kwaye isikhongozeli osisebenzisayo sinokuchaphazela amaxesha okupheka kunye nenani lezondlo ezilahlekileyo ngexesha lokupheka.

Ukutya okutyiwa yimicroowa kungasempilweni ngenxa yamaxesha amafutshane okupheka kunye nesidingo esincinci samanqatha, ioyile, okanye amanzi afunekayo ekuphekeni.

UNatalie Olsen yingcali yezidlo ebhalisiweyo kunye novavanyo lomzimba ojolise kulawulo kuthintelo lwezifo. Ujolise ekulinganiseni ingqondo nomzimba ngendlela yokutya okupheleleyo. Unezidanga ezimbini zeBachelor kwiMpilo kunye noLawulo lweMpilo kunye nakwiDietetics, kwaye uyi-physiology yomzimba eqinisekisiweyo ye-ACSM. UNatalie usebenza eApple njengengcibi yecandelo lokutya, kwaye uyabonisana kwiziko lempilo elipheleleyo elibizwa ngokuba liphilileyo + Kulungile, nakwishishini lakhe e-Austin, eTexas. UNatalie uvotelwe phakathi “kweZona ndidi zeZondlo eAustin” nguAustin Fit Magazine. Uyakonwabela ukuba ngaphandle, imozulu eshushu, ukuzama iiresiphi ezintsha kunye neeresityu, kunye nokuhamba.

UNatalie Butler, i-RDN, i-LD, sisidlo sentliziyo kwaye inomdla wokunceda abantu bafumane amandla okondla, ukutya okwenyani kugxininiso kukutya okunzima kwezityalo. Waphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseStephen F. Austin State kwimpuma yeTexas kwaye wagxila kuthintelo lwezifo ezingapheliyo kunye nolawulo kunye nokuphelisa ukutya kunye nempilo yezendalo. Ungumntu otya ukutya ngokuhlangeneyo kwiApple, Inc., eAustin, eTexas, kwaye ulawula indlela yakhe yabucala, iNutritionbynatalie.com. Indawo yakhe eyonwabileyo yikhitshi lakhe, igadi, kunye nendawo ephambili ngaphandle, kwaye uyakuthanda ukufundisa abantwana bakhe ababini ukupheka, ukwenza igadi, ukusebenza, kunye nokonwabela ubomi obunempilo.

UGqirha Karen Gill ngugqirha wabantwana. Waphumelela kwiYunivesithi yase-Southern California. Ubungcali bakhe kubandakanya ukuncancisa, isondlo, ukuthintela ukutyeba kakhulu, kunye nemicimbi yokulala nokuziphatha kwabantwana. Usebenze njengosihlalo weSebe lezeMpilo yabantwana kwiSibhedlele iWoodland Memorial. Wayengumcebisi weklinikhi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eDavis, efundisa abafundi kwinkqubo yokuncedisa ogqirha. Ngoku usebenza kwiZiko lezeMpilo lezeMishini, esebenzela abahlali baseLatino kwisithili seMishini eSan Francisco.