Yintoni Ubhubhane?

Umxholo

• Yintoni ubhubhane?
• Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kobhubhane kunye nobhubhane?
• Ulungiselela njani ubhubhane?
• Nika ingqalelo kwiingxelo zeendaba ezivela kwii-arhente zempilo
• Gcina indlu yakho igcwele ukutya kweeveki ezimbini kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko
• Gcwalisa imimiselo yakho ngaphambi kwexesha
• Yenza isicwangciso sokusebenza xa unokugula
• Ubhubhane kwinkulungwane edlulileyo
• Ngo-1918 ubhubhane womkhuhlane (intsholongwane ye-H1N1): 1918–1920
• Ngo-1957 ubhubhane womkhuhlane (intsholongwane ye-H2N2): 1957-1958
• Ubhubhane ka-1968 womkhuhlane (intsholongwane ye-H3N2): 1968–1969
• I-SARS-CoV: 2002-2003
• Umkhuhlane wehagu (H1N1pdm09 virus): 2009
• I-MERS-CoV: 2012-2013
• I-Ebola: 2014-2016
• I-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): 2019 – iyaqhubeka
• Ukuthatha

Ukuqhambuka kwamhlanje kwe-COVID-19 kushiye abantu abaninzi benenkxalabo malunga nokusasazeka kwesi sifo sitsha. Phakathi kwezi nkxalabo kukho umbuzo obalulekileyo ophambili: Buyintoni kanye kanye ubhubhane?

Ukusasazeka kwenoveli coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, yachazwa ngokusesikweni njengobhubhane nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) kwi, ngenxa yokuvela kwayo ngokukhawuleza nokwanda kwihlabathi liphela.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ukuba yintoni echaza ubhubhane, ukuba silungiselela njani ubhubhane, kwaye zingaphi izifo eziye zasichaphazela kwimbali yakutshanje.

Yintoni ubhubhane?

Ngokwengxelo ka-bhubhane uchazwa njengosasaza isifo esitsha emhlabeni wonke.

Xa kuqala ukuvela isifo esitsha, uninzi lwethu alunalo ukhuselo lwendalo ukulwa naso. Oku kunokubangela ukusasazeka ngesiquphe, ngamanye amaxesha okukhawulezileyo kwesi sifo phakathi kwabantu, kwiindawo esihlala kuzo nakwihlabathi jikelele. Ngaphandle kokukhuseleka kwendalo ukulwa nesifo, abantu abaninzi banokugula njengoko sisasazeka.

I-WHO inoxanduva lokubhengeza ukuvela kwesifo esitsha esisekwe kwindlela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kuhambelana ngayo noku kulandelayo:

• Isigaba 1. Iintsholongwane ezijikeleza phakathi kwezilwanyana aziboniswanga ukuba zidlulisele ebantwini. Azithathwa njengesongelo kwaye akukho mngcipheko ubhubhane.
• Isigaba 2. Intsholongwane entsha yezilwanyana ejikeleza phakathi kwezilwanyana ibonakalisiwe ukuba idlulisele ebantwini. Le ntsholongwane intsha ithathwa njengesoyikiso kwaye ibonisa umngcipheko wobhubhane.
• Isigaba 3. Intsholongwane yezilwanyana ibangele isifo kwiqela elincinane labantu ngokusebenzisa isilwanyana ukuhanjiswa komntu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhanjiswa komntu ebantwini kusezantsi kakhulu kunokubangela uqhambuko loluntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba intsholongwane ibeka abantu emngciphekweni kodwa ayinakufane ibange ubhubhane.
• Isigaba 4. Kukho ukusasazeka komntu kwintsholongwane entsha ngamanani awaneleyo akhokelela kuqhushumbo loluntu. Olu hlobo losasazo phakathi kwabantu lubonisa umngcipheko omkhulu wokukhula kobhubhane.
• Isigaba 5. Kukho ukuhanjiswa kwale ntsholongwane okungenani kumazwe amabini ubuncinci ngaphakathi. Nangona mabini kuphela amazwe achaphazelekayo yile ntsholongwane intsha okwangoku, ubhubhane wehlabathi ungenakuphepheka.
• Isigaba 6. Kukho ukuhanjiswa kwentsholongwane entsha kwilizwe elinye elongezelelekileyo kwingingqi ye-WHO. Oku kwaziwa njenge inqanaba lesifo kunye nemiqondiso yokuba ubhubhane wehlabathi uyenzeka ngoku.

Njengoko ubona apha ngasentla, ubhubhane awuchazwanga ngokwenqanaba lokukhula kodwa kukusasazeka kwesi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda ukukhula kwenqanaba lesifo kunokunceda amagosa ezempilo ukuba alungiselele ukuqhambuka.

Uninzi lulandela ukukhula okanye ukusasaza iphethini echazwe njengokukhula okubonakalayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba basasazeka ngesantya esikhawulezayo kwisithuba sexesha elithile-leentsuku, iiveki, okanye iinyanga.

Cinga ngokuqhuba imoto kwaye ucinezele kwipedal yegesi. Ukuhamba okude, ukhawuleza uhambe - oko kukukhula okukhulayo. Ukuqhamka kwezifo zokuqala, njengobhubhane womkhuhlane we-1918, kubonakala ngathi kulandela le patheni yokukhula.

Ezinye izifo nazo zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, ezisezantsi. Oku kufana nemoto egcina isantya esiya phambili - ayonyuki kwisantya kumgama ohamba kuwo.

Umzekelo, omnye wafumanisa ukuba ubhubhane we-Ebola ka-2014 ubonakala ulandela isifo esihamba kancinci kwinqanaba lendawo kwamanye amazwe nangona sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, okanye ngokucacileyo, kwamanye.

Xa amagosa ezempilo oluntu esazi ukuba isifo sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani, sinokubanceda baqonde ukuba kufuneka sihambe ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na ukuze sincede ukusasazeka.

Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kobhubhane kunye nobhubhane?

Ubhubhane kunye nobhubhane ngamagama ahambelana nawo asetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukusasazeka kwesifo:

• Ukusasazeka kwesifo eluntwini okanye kwingingqi ngaphezulu kwexesha elithile. Ubhubhane buyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwindawo esi sifo, ukuba uninzi lwabantu luye lwabhengezwa njani, nangaphezulu.
• A isifo esikho elizweni jikelele luhlobo lobhubhane oluthe lwasasazeka kumazwe amathathu ubuncinci kwingingqi ye-WHO.

Ulungiselela njani ubhubhane?

Ubhubhane unokuba lixesha elingaqinisekanga kubantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Nangona kunjalo, iingcebiso zokuthintela ubhubhane zinokukunceda ulungiselele ukusasazeka kwesifo emhlabeni wonke:

Nika ingqalelo kwiingxelo zeendaba ezivela kwii-arhente zempilo

Ukuhlaziywa kweendaba ezivela kwi-WHO kunye namaziko okuLawula nokuLawulwa kwezifo (i-CDC) inokubonelela ngolwazi ngokusasazeka kwesi sifo, kubandakanywa nendlela yokuzikhusela kunye nosapho lwakho ngexesha lokuqhambuka

Iindaba zasekuhlaleni zinokukugcina uhlaziywa kumthetho omtsha onyanzeliswayo ngexesha lobhubhane.

Gcina indlu yakho igcwele ukutya kweeveki ezimbini kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko

Ukutshixwa nokuvalelwa bodwa kunokunyanzeliswa ngexesha lobhubhane ukunciphisa okanye ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwesi sifo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, gcina ikhitshi lakho ligcwele ukutya okwaneleyo kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko kangangexesha leeveki ezi-2. Khumbula, akukho sidingo sokugcina okanye ukugcina ngaphezulu kunokusebenzisa ngaphezulu kweeveki ezi-2.

Gcwalisa imimiselo yakho ngaphambi kwexesha

Inokukunceda ukuba amayeza azaliswe ngaphambi kwexesha kwimeko yokuba iikhemesti kunye nezibhedlele zonganyelwe. Ukugcina iziyobisi ungathengisa nako kunokunceda ekuthomalaliseni naziphi na iimpawu onokuthi uzibone xa usifumana esi sifo kwaye ufuna ukuzimela wedwa.

Yenza isicwangciso sokusebenza xa unokugula

Nokuba ulandela zonke iiprotocol ezicetyiswayo ngexesha lobhubhane, likho ithuba lokuba ungagula. Thetha nosapho kunye nabahlobo malunga nokuza kwenzeka ukuba uyagula, kubandakanya nokuba ngubani oza kukukhathalela kwaye kuzokwenzekani xa kufuneka ulaliswe esibhedlele.

Ubhubhane kwinkulungwane edlulileyo

Siye safumana iindyikitya zokufa ezisixhenxe ezifana ne-COVID-19 ukusukela ngo-1918. Ezinye zezi zifo ziye zachazwa njengezifo ezosulelayo, kwaye zonke zinempembelelo enzulu kubemi boluntu ngandlela thile.

Ngo-1918 ubhubhane womkhuhlane (intsholongwane ye-H1N1): 1918–1920

Ubhubhane womkhuhlane we-1918 uthathe ubomi babaphi na abantu ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kwi-100 lezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela.

Okubizwa ngokuba yi "Spanish Flu" kubangelwe kukusasazeka okuvela kwiintaka kuye ebantwini. Abantu abaneminyaka emi-5 nangaphantsi, ama-20 ukuya kuma-40, nama-65 nangaphezulu bonke banamaqondo aphezulu okusweleka.

Ukuxinana kwiindawo zonyango, iinkqubo zogutyulo ezingalunganga, kunye nokusilela kwesondlo kucingelwa ukuba kube negalelo kwizinga eliphezulu lokusweleka.

Ngo-1957 ubhubhane womkhuhlane (intsholongwane ye-H2N2): 1957-1958

Ubhubhane womkhuhlane we-1957 uthathe ubomi behlabathi liphela.

"I-Asia Flu" yenziwa yintsholongwane ye-H2N2 ethe yasasazeka ukusuka kwiintaka yaya ebantwini. Olu hlobo lwabantu be-flu ikakhulu phakathi kweminyaka ye-5 kunye ne-39, uninzi lwamatyala enzeka kubantwana abancinci nakwishumi elivisayo.

Ubhubhane ka-1968 womkhuhlane (intsholongwane ye-H3N2): 1968–1969

Ngo-1968, intsholongwane i-H3N2, ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi “Hong Kong Flu,” ngomnye ubhubhane womkhuhlane owathatha ubomi babantu kwihlabathi jikelele.

Lo mkhuhlane wabangelwa yintsholongwane ye-H3N2 eyaguquka ukusuka kwintsholongwane ye-H2N2 ukusukela ngo-1957.

I-SARS-CoV: 2002-2003

Ukuqhambuka kwe-corsavirus ye-SARS ka-2002 yayisisifo sengqele yentsholongwane eyathatha ubomi babantu abangaphezu kwama-770 kwihlabathi liphela.

Ukuqhambuka kweSARS kubangelwe yicorononavirus entsha enendawo yokuhambisa engaziwayo. Uninzi losulelo ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwaqala e-China kodwa ekugqibeleni lasasazeka eHong Kong nakwamanye amazwe kwihlabathi liphela.

Umkhuhlane wehagu (H1N1pdm09 virus): 2009

Ukuqhambuka komkhuhlane weeNgulube ka-2009 yayingubhubhane olandelayo owabangela ukusweleka kwabantu kwindawo ethile kwihlabathi liphela.

Umkhuhlane wehagu wabangelwa lolunye uhlobo olwavela kwiihagu kwaye ekugqibeleni lwasasazeka kunxibelelwano lomntu nolomntu.

Kwafunyaniswa ukuba inxenye yabantu abaneminyaka engama-60 nangaphezulu sele benazo izilwa-buhlungu ezichasene nale ntsholongwane. Oku kukhokelele kwipesenti ephezulu yosulelo ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala abancinci.

I-MERS-CoV: 2012-2013

I-MERS coronavirus ka-2012 yabangela isifo esibonakala kukugula okuphefumlayo esasinokuthatha ubomi babantu abangama-858, ikakhulu kwiPeninsula yaseArabia.

Ukuqhambuka kwe-MERS kubangelwe yi-coronavirus esasazeka ukusuka kumthombo wezilwanyana ongaziwayo ebantwini. Uqhambuko luqale ngaphakathi kwaye lwalugcinwa ikakhulu kwiPeninsula yaseArabia.

Uqhambuko lwe-MERS lwalunenqanaba lokufa okuphezulu kakhulu kunesifo sangaphambili se-coronavirus.

I-Ebola: 2014-2016

Ukuqhambuka kwe-Ebola ngo-2014 kwakubandakanya ubhubhane wesifo somkhuhlane esasithatha ubomi babantu, ikakhulu eNtshona Afrika.

Ukuqhambuka kwe-Ebola kwabangelwa yintsholongwane ye-Ebola ekucingelwa ukuba yayiqale yadluliselwa ebantwini. Nangona uqhambuko luqale eNtshona Afrika, lwasasazeka kumazwe asibhozo ewonke.

I-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): 2019 – iyaqhubeka

Ukuqhambuka kwe-2019 COVID-19 sisifo esosulelayo esiqhubekayo ngoku. Esi sisifo esitsha esibangelwa yi-coronavirus ebingaziwa ngaphambili, i-SARS-CoV-2. Izinga losulelo, izinga lokusweleka, kunye namanye amanani asaphuhlisa.

Ukulungiselela ubhubhane ngumzamo woluntu esinokuthi sonke sithathe inxaxheba ekunciphiseni ifuthe lokugula kuluntu lwethu nakwihlabathi liphela.

Unokufumana uhlaziyo lwangoku kubhubhane wangoku we-COVID-19 apha. Ndwendwela i-coronavirus hub yethu ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga neempawu, unyango kunye nendlela yokulungiselela.

Ukuthatha

Xa kuvela isifo esitsha, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubhubhane usasazeke ehlabathini lonke. Kubekho ubhubhane omkhulu kunye no bhubhane kwimbali yakutshanje, kubandakanya ubhubhane we-influenza ka-1918, ukuqhambuka kwe-SARS-CoV ka-2003, kwaye kutshanje, ubhubhane we-COVID-19.

Kukho izinto esinokuzenza sonke ukulungiselela ukubakho kwesifo, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba sonke silandele amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuphelisa okanye ukunqanda ukwanda kwesi sifo esitsha.

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela onokuthi uyenze ngayo indima yakho ukuthothisa ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19, cofa apha ukuze ufumane izikhokelo ezikhoyo.