Umbhali: Laura McKinney
Umhla Wokudalwa: 6 Utshazimpuzi 2021
Hlaziya Umhla: 18 Eyenkanga 2024
Anonim
Traditional ABANDONED Country House of a Belgian Baker’s Family
Ividiyo: Traditional ABANDONED Country House of a Belgian Baker’s Family

Umxholo

I-psychotropic ichaza nasiphi na isiyobisi esichaphazela indlela oziphethe ngayo, imood, iingcinga, okanye umbono. Yigama lesambrela kuninzi lwamachiza ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya amayeza kagqirha kunye neziyobisi ezisetyenziswa gwenxa.

Siza kugxila kugqirha wengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo apha.

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo (i-SAMHSA) kuPhando lweLizwe malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nedatha yezeMpilo yafumanisa ukuba kwi-2018, abantu abadala abazizigidi ezingama-47 ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-18 baxele imeko yempilo yengqondo.

Oku kungoku-1 kwaba-5 abadala e-United States. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-11 ezichaze ukugula ngengqondo.

Impilo yengqondo kunye nokuphila kakuhle kuchaphazela ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Amayeza e-Psychotropic angayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo ezikhoyo ukusinceda sihlale siphilile.

Iinyani ezikhawulezayo malunga neziyobisi zengqondo

  • I-Psychotropics luluhlu olubanzi lwamachiza anyanga iimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.
  • Basebenza ngokulungelelanisa amanqanaba eekhemikhali zobuchopho, okanye ii-neurotransmitters, ezinjenge-dopamine, i-gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), i-norepinephrin, kunye ne-serotonin.
  • Zintlanu iindidi eziphambili zamayeza asemthethweni e-psychotropic:
    • anti-ixhala agents
    • iziyobisi
    • Unyango lwengqondo
    • ezizinzisayo
    • ezikhuthazayo
  • Ezinye zinokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimandundu kakhulu kwaye zibe neemfuno ezizodwa zokubeka iliso ngababoneleli bezempilo.

Kutheni amachiza e-psychotropic amiselwe?

Ezinye iimeko zonyango lwe-psychotropics zibandakanya:


  • ixhala
  • ukudakumba
  • schizophrenia
  • ukuxhuzula
  • iingxaki zokulala

La mayeza asebenza ngokutshintsha ii-neurotransmitters ukuphucula iimpawu. Iklasi nganye isebenza ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa inokufana, nayo.

Uhlobo okanye udidi lwamayeza amiselweyo ngugqirha luxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezizodwa kunye neempawu ezithile. Amanye amayeza afuna ukusetyenziswa rhoqo iiveki ezininzi ukubona izibonelelo.

Makhe sijonge kufutshane neziyobisi zengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Iiklasi kunye namagama eziyobisi zengqondo

IklasiImizekelo
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-antipsychoticchlorpromazine (Thorazine);
i-fluphenazine (Prolixin);
haloperidol (iHaldol);
iperphenazine (Trilafon);
thioridazine (Mellaril)
I-antypychychotic ye-Atypicalaripiprazole (Yenza);
i-clozapine (iClozaril);
iloperidone (iFanapt);
i-olanzapine (iZyprexa);
ipaliperidone (Invega);
iquetiapine (iSeroquel);
irisperidone (iRisperdal);
i-ziprasidone (iGeodon)
Izinto ezichasene noxinzeleloalprazolam (Xanax);
clonazepam (iKlonopin);
diazepam (Valium);
ILorazepam (Ativan)
Izikhuthaziamphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR);
dexmethylphenidate (Focalin, Focalin XR);
dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine);
lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse);
methylphenidate (Ritalin, Metadate ER, Methylin, Concerta)
Ukukhetha i-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) ye-antidepressants ikitalopram (uCelexa);
I-escitalopram (iLexapro);
i-fluvoxamine (iLuvox);
paroxetine (Paxil); i-sertraline (iZoloft)
ISerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) yoxinzelelo atomoxetine (eStrattera);
duloxetine (ICymbalta);
venlafaxine (i-Effexor XR); I-desvenlafaxine (iPristiq)
I-Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) yezoxinzeleloIsocarboxazid (Marplan);
phenelzine (Nardil);
i-tranylcypromine (iParnate);
iselegiline (Emsam, Atapryl, Carbex, Eldepryl, Zelapar)

I-Tricycliciziyobisi		umgca wendlela;
amoxapine;
desipramine (Norpramin); imipramine (Tofranil);
umda wenkunkuma (Pamelor); umgca weprotocol (Vivactil)
Izinto ezomeleza iimvakalelo icarbamazepine (iCarbatrol, iTegretol, iTegretol XR);
i-divalproex sodium (iDepakote);
lamotrigine (Lamictal);
lithium (Eskalith, Eskalith CR, Lithobid)

Iiklasi ezinkulu zeziyobisi zengqondo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo, kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga

Siza kugquma ngokufutshane iiklasi kunye nezinye zeempawu zonyango lwe-psychotropics.


Soloko uthetha nogqirha wakho malunga neempawu ezithile ohlangabezana nazo. Baza kufumana ezona ndlela zonyango zibalaseleyo zokukunceda uzive ungcono.

Oku kubandakanya iindlela zokungazinikeli, njengokunyanga ngokuziphatha.

Amanye amayeza, anje ngamayeza antipsychotic, anokuthabatha ukunceda ukukhululeka kwempawu. Kubalulekile ukunika iyeza ithuba lokusebenza ngaphambi kokuliyeka.

Izinto ezichasene noxinzelelo

Izinto ezichasene noxinzelelo, okanye ii-anxiolytics, zinokunyanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka koxinzelelo, kubandakanya ne-phobia yentlalo enxulumene nokuthetha esidlangalaleni. Banokunyanga:

  • iingxaki zokulala
  • uloyiko
  • uxinzelelo

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Eli klasi laziwa njenge. Ziyacetyiswa ukuba zisetyenziswe ixesha elifutshane. Ii-BZD zisebenza ngokwandisa amanqanaba e-GABA kwingqondo, ebangela ukuphumla okanye ukuthomalalisa isiphumo. Zineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimandundu, kubandakanya ukuxhomekeka kunye nokurhoxa.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-BZDs zibandakanya:

  • isiyezi
  • ukozela
  • ukudideka
  • ukulahleka kwemali eseleyo
  • iingxaki zememori
  • uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi
  • ukuphefumla kancinci

Isilumkiso

La mayeza anokuba ngumkhwa xa esetyenziswa ixesha elide. Azicetyiswa ngaphezulu kweeveki ezimbalwa.


I-SSRI yoxinzelelo

Ii-SSRIs zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo. Phakathi kwazo kukho ingxaki yokudakumba kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo.

Uxinzelelo lungaphezulu kokuziva ulusizi iintsuku ezimbalwa. Ziimpawu eziqhubekayo ezihlala iiveki ngexesha. Unokuba neempawu zomzimba, njengokulala, ukungabinamdla wokutya, kunye neentlungu zomzimba.

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Umsebenzi we-SSRI ngokunyusa inani le-serotonin ekhoyo kwingqondo. I-SSRI lukhetho lokuqala lonyango kwiindidi ezininzi zoxinzelelo.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-SSRI zibandakanya:

  • umlomo owomileyo
  • isicaphucaphu
  • ukugabha
  • urhudo
  • ukulala kakubi
  • ukutyeba kwakho
  • ukuphazamiseka ngokwesondo

Isilumkiso

Ezinye ii-SSRI zinokubangela ukubetha kwentliziyo okuphezulu. Abanye banokwandisa umngcipheko wokuphuma kwegazi ukuba usebenzisa amayeza okucoca igazi, anje ngeziyobisi ezichasayo ezinjenge-aspirin okanye i-warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven).

I-SNRI yoxinzelelo

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

I-SNRIs zinceda ukunyanga uxinzelelo kodwa zisebenze ngokwahlukileyo kunee-SSRI. Bonyusa zombini i-dopamine kunye ne-norepinephrine kwingqondo yokuphucula iimpawu. I-SNRI inokusebenza ngcono kwabanye abantu ukuba ii-SSRI azizisanga kuphuculo.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-SNRI zibandakanya:

  • intloko ebuhlungu
  • isiyezi
  • umlomo owomileyo
  • isicaphucaphu
  • ukuphazamiseka
  • iingxaki zokulala
  • Imiba yokutya

Isilumkiso

La machiza anokunyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nokubetha kwentliziyo. Umsebenzi wesibindi kufuneka ubekwe esweni ngelixa ukwala mayeza ngokunjalo.

Imithi yokulwa noxinzelelo

La mayeza mdala kwaye awasetyenziswa rhoqo namhlanje.

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Ii-MAOIs ziphucula iimpawu zoxinzelelo ngokwandisa i-dopamine, norepinephrine, kunye namanqanaba e-serotonin kwingqondo.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-MAOIs zibandakanya:

  • isicaphucaphu
  • ukugabha
  • isiyezi
  • urhudo
  • umlomo owomileyo
  • ukutyeba kwakho

Isilumkiso

Ii-MAOIs ezithathwa kunye nokutya okuthile okunemichiza i-tyramine inokunyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi kumanqanaba ayingozi. I-Tyramine ifumaneka kwiindidi ezininzi zeshizi, i-pickles kunye nezinye iwayini.

I-Tricyclic yoxinzelelo

Ezi zezinye zeeklasi ezindala kakhulu zokuthintela uxinzelelo ezikhoyo kwimarike. Zigcinelwe ukusetyenziswa xa amayeza amatsha engakhange asebenze.

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Ii-tricyclics zonyusa inani le-serotonin kunye ne-norepinephrine kwingqondo yokuphucula imeko.

Oogqirha bakwasebenzisa i-tricyclics off-label ukunyanga ezinye iimeko. Ukusetyenziswa kwelebheli engekho mthethweni kuthetha ukuba ichiza lisetyenziselwa imeko engenakho ukuvunywa kokutya kunye noLawulo lweeDrug (FDA) kuloo meko.

Ukusetyenziswa kwelebheli ngaphandle kwelebheli kwii-tricyclics kubandakanya:

  • ukuphazamiseka kovalo
  • migraine
  • iintlungu ezingapheliyo
  • ubume obungalunganga obuphambanisayo

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ziquka:

  • umlomo owomileyo
  • isiyezi
  • ukozela
  • isicaphucaphu
  • ukutyeba kwakho

Isilumkiso

Amaqela athile kufuneka aphephe iitricclics. Oku kubandakanya abantu abane:

  • iglaucoma
  • iprostate eyandisiweyo
  • Imiba ye-thyroid
  • iingxaki zentliziyo

La mayeza anokunyusa iswekile yegazi. Ukuba unesifo seswekile, kungafuneka ujonge ngononophelo amanqanaba eswekile.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-antipsychotic

La machiza aphatha iimpawu ezinxulunyaniswa nesifo sengqondo. Zingasetyenziselwa ezinye iimeko.

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-antipsychotic block dopamine kwingqondo. Iyeza lokuqala lokuthomalalisa ingqondo kule klasi, i-chlorpromazine, laziswa ngaphezulu kwe. Isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezichasene neziyobisi zibandakanya:

  • ukungaboni kakuhle
  • isicaphucaphu
  • ukugabha
  • ingxaki yokulala
  • ixhala
  • ukozela
  • ukutyeba kwakho
  • iingxaki zesini

Isilumkiso

Olu didi lweziyobisi lubangela ukuphazamiseka okunxulumene nentshukumo okubizwa ngokuba ziziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-extrapyramidal. Oku kunokuba nzima kwaye kuhlala ixesha elide. Ziquka:

  • ukungcangcazela
  • iintshukumo zobuso ezingalawulwayo
  • ukuqina kwemisipha
  • iingxaki zokuhamba okanye ukuhamba

I-antypychychotic ye-Atypical

Ezi ziyeza zonyango ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-schizophrenia.

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

La machiza asebenza ngokuthintela imichiza yobuchopho be-dopamine D2 kunye nomsebenzi we-serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.

Oogqirha bakwasebenzisa ii-antipsychotic atypical ukunyanga iimpawu ze:

  • ukuxhuzula
  • ukudakumba
  • Isifo seTourette

Imiphumela

I-antypychychotic ye-Atypical inayo. Oku kubandakanya umngcipheko owandisiweyo:

  • isifo seswekile
  • amanqanaba aphezulu e-cholesterol
  • iingxaki ezinxulumene nezihlunu zentliziyo
  • iintshukumo ezingazibandakanyi, kubandakanya ukungqubana kwemisipha, ukungcangcazela
  • ukubetha

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-antipsychotic atypical zibandakanya:

  • isiyezi
  • ukuqhina
  • umlomo owomileyo
  • ukungaboni kakuhle
  • ukutyeba kwakho
  • ukozela

Isilumkiso

IAripiprazole (Abilify), i-clozapine (iClozaril), kunye nequetiapine (iSeroquel) inesilumkiso sebhokisi emnyama malunga neenkxalabo ezithile zokhuseleko. Kukho umngcipheko weengcinga zokuzibulala kunye nokuziphatha kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka ye-18 abathatha elinye lala mayeza.

Izinto ezomeleza iimvakalelo

Oogqirha basebenzisa la mayeza ukunyanga uxinzelelo kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwemood, njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Indlela echanekileyo yokusebenza kweemood mood ayikaqondwa kakuhle okwangoku. Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba la mayeza azolisa iindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezinegalelo kutshintsho lweemeko zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neemeko ezinxulumene noko.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokuzinzisa imeko kubandakanya:

  • isiyezi
  • isicaphucaphu
  • ukugabha
  • ukudinwa
  • iingxaki zesisu

Isilumkiso

Izintso zisusa i-lithium emzimbeni, ngoko ke ukusebenza kwezintso kunye namanqanaba e-lithium kufuneka kuhlolwe rhoqo. Ukuba unesifo sezintso esifanelekileyo, ugqirha wakho unokufuna ukulungelelanisa idosi yakho.

Izikhuthazi

La machiza ikakhulu anyanga ukusilela kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ADHD).

Indlela abasebenza ngayo

Izikhuthazi zonyusa i-dopamine kunye ne-norepinephrine kwingqondo. Umzimba unokukhulisa ukuxhomekeka ukuba usetyenziswe ixesha elide.

Imiphumela

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zezivuselelo zibandakanya:

  • iingxaki zokulala
  • ukungathandi ukutya
  • ukuhla ukusinda

Isilumkiso

Izikhuthazi zinokunyusa izinga lentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi. Isenokungabi lolona khetho lufanelekileyo ukuba unentliziyo okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi.

Umngcipheko kunye nezilumkiso zebhokisi emnyama ye-psychotropics

I-FDA ifuna amayeza athile okanye iiklasi zamayeza. Oku kunokuba zizizathu ezintathu eziphambili:

  1. Umngcipheko wokuphendula okungalunganga okuyingozi kufuneka ulinganiswe ngaphezu kweenzuzo ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa.
  2. Uhlengahlengiso lwethamo lunokufuneka ekumiseleni ngokukhuselekileyo.
  3. Iqela elithile labantu, njengabantwana okanye abafazi abakhulelweyo, banokufuna ukubeka iliso ngokukodwa ekusebenziseni ngokukhuselekileyo.

Nazi ezinye iziyobisi kunye neeklasi ezinezilumkiso zebhokisi. Olu alukho uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezilumkiso. Soloko ubuza ugqirha wakho okanye usokhemesti malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezithile kunye neengozi:

  • IAripiprazole (Abilify) kunye nequetiapine (Seroquel) ayivunyelwanga yi-FDA ukuba isetyenziswe nakubani na ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ngenxa yomngcipheko wokucinga ngokuzibulala nokuziphatha.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza e-Antipsychotic kubantu abadala asebekhulile abanesifo sengqondo esihambelana nokugula kwengqondo kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokufa.
  • Ukuxinezeleka kunokunyanzelisa iingcinga zokuzibulala kunye nokuziphatha kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo.
  • Iziyobisi ezikhuthazayo zinokubangela ukuxhomekeka kunye neziyobisi.
  • I-Benzodiazepines ethathwe ngamayeza e-opioid inokunyusa umngcipheko wokudlula.
  • I-Clozapine (Clozaril) inokubangela i-agranulocytosis, isifo esibi segazi. Kufuneka wenze umsebenzi wegazi ukuze ujonge ukubalwa kweeseli ezimhlophe. Inokubangela ukuxhuzula kunye nentliziyo kunye neengxaki zokuphefumla, ezinokubusongela ubomi.

Kuphephe ukuxuba iziyobisi zengqondo kunye notywala. Ezinye iiklasi, ezinje nge-BZDs, i-antidepressants, kunye neyeza lokuthomalalisa i-psychotic, zinesiphumo sokuhlala notywala. Oku kunokudala iingxaki ngokulinganisela, ukwazisa kunye nokulungelelanisa. Inokucothisa okanye iyeke ukuphefumla, enokubusongela ubomi.

Ukusebenzisana kweziyobisi

Iziyobisi zePsychotropic zinonxibelelwano oluninzi namanye amachiza, ukutya, utywala, kunye neemveliso ezingaphaya kwekhawuntare (OTC). Soloko uxelela ugqirha wakho kunye nosokhemisti onke amayeza kunye nezongezelelo ozithathayo ukuthintela iimpendulo ezingalunganga.

Iziyobisi ezikhuthazayo njenge-amphetamine zinxibelelana:

  • SSRIs
  • I-SNRIs
  • MAOIs
  • zintathu
  • lithium

Ukudibanisa la machiza kunokubangela impendulo enzulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-serotonin syndrome. Ukuba ufuna ukuthatha zombini iindidi zonyango, ugqirha wakho uya kuguqula amanani ukuze aphephe ukusebenzisana okungahambi kakuhle.

Izilumkiso ezikhethekileyo zaBantwana, abantu abadala abakhulelweyo kunye naBantu abadala
  • Abantwana. Ezinye iziyobisi zengqondo zinomngcipheko ophezulu weziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ebantwaneni kwaye ayivunyelwanga i-FDA ukuba isetyenziswe ebantwaneni. Ugqirha wakho uya kuxoxa ngobungozi xa kuthelekiswa nezibonelelo zamayeza athile.
  • Ukukhulelwa. Kukho ulwazi olulinganiselweyo ekusebenziseni ii-psychotropics ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Izibonelelo kunye nemingcipheko kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo kumntu ngamnye nakwisiyobisi ngasinye. Amachiza athile, anjengee-BZD kunye ne-lithium, ayingozi ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ezinye ii-SSRI zinokunyusa umngcipheko weziphene zokuzalwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNRI kwikota yesi-2 kunokubangela iimpawu zokurhoxa kwiintsana. Ugqirha wakho kufuneka abeke esweni ngononophelo wena nosana lwakho ukuba usebenzisa naziphi na ii-psychotropics.
  • Abantu abadala abadala. Amanye amachiza angathatha ixesha elide ukuba umzimba wakho ucace ukuba isibindi sakho okanye izintso azisebenzi kakuhle. Unokuthatha amayeza amaninzi, anokusebenzisana okanye anyuse umngcipheko weziphumo ebezingalindelekanga okanye iimpendulo ezigwenxa. Idosi yakho inokufuna uhlengahlengiso. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale nawaphi na amayeza amatsha, qiniseka ukuba uxoxa ngawo onke amayeza akho, kubandakanya neziyobisi ze-OTC kunye nezongezo, nogqirha wakho.

Imicimbi yezomthetho ejikeleze iziyobisi zengqondo

Ii-BZDs kunye nezinto ezikhuthazayo zizinto ezilawulwayo kuba zinokubangela ukuxhomekeka kwaye zinokubakho ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa.

Ungaze wabelane okanye uthengise amayeza amiselweyo. Kukho izohlwayo zomdibaniso ngokuthengisa okanye ukuthenga ngokungekho mthethweni la mayeza.

La mayeza anokubangela ukuxhomekeka kwaye akhokelele kukuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi.

Ukuba wena okanye umntu omthandayo usemngciphekweni wokuzenzakalisa, fikelela kwiNational Lifeline Prevention Lifeline ngo-800-273-TALK ngoncedo.

Ukufumana inkxaso kunye nokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, fikelela kule mibutho:

  • I-Narcotic Engaziwayo (NA)
  • Iziko leLizwe leSizwe ngokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (i-NIDA)
  • Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo (SAMHSA)

Nini ukufuna unyango olungxamisekileyo

Amayeza e-Psychotropic anokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi. Kwabanye abantu, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zinokuba nzima.

funa unyango olungxamisekileyo

Shayela ugqirha wakho okanye u-911 ngokukhawuleza ukuba unayo nayiphi na impawu:

  • Iimpawu zakho ziya zisiba mbi (uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, imania)
  • iingcinga zokuzibulala
  • uloyiko
  • ukuphazamiseka
  • ukungazinzi
  • ukuphuthelwa
  • ukwanda kwentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi
  • ukuziva ucaphukile, unomsindo, unobundlobongela
  • ukwenza ngokungxamisekileyo kunye nolunye utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela yokuziphatha
  • ukuxhuzula

Umgca wezantsi

I-Psychotropics igubungela icandelo elikhulu kakhulu leziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempawu.

Zonke zisebenza ngokulungisa amanqanaba e-neurotransmitter ukukunceda uzive ungcono.

Amayeza amiselweyo ngugqirha wakho axhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, njengobudala bakho, ezinye iimeko zempilo onokuba nazo, amanye amayeza owasebenzisayo, kunye nembali yakho yamayeza edlulileyo.

Ayingawo onke amayeza asebenza kwangoko. Ezinye zithatha ixesha. Yiba nomonde, kwaye uthethe nogqirha wakho ukuba iimpawu zakho ziya ziba mandundu.

Xoxa ngazo zonke iindlela zonyango, kubandakanywa nonyango lokuziphatha, kunye nomboneleli wakho wokhathalelo lwempilo ukuphuhlisa elona cebo lililo lokhathalelo.

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