I-pneumonia efunyanwa ekuhlaleni kubantu abadala

I-pneumonia yimeko yokuphefumla (yokuphefumla) apho kukho usulelo emiphungeni.

Eli nqaku ligubungela inyumoniya efunyanwa eluntwini (CAP). Olu hlobo lwenyumoniya lufunyanwa kubantu abangakhange babesesibhedlele okanye kwenye indawo yokhathalelo lwempilo efana nekhaya labalupheleyo okanye indawo yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. I-pneumonia echaphazela abantu kumaziko ezempilo, njengezibhedlele, ibizwa ngokuba yi-pneumonia efunyanwa esibhedlele (okanye inyumoniya ehambelana nokhathalelo lwempilo).

I-pneumonia sisifo esiqhelekileyo esichaphazela izigidi zabantu minyaka le e-United States. Iintsholongwane ezibizwa ngokuba ziibhaktheriya, intsholongwane kunye nefungi zinokubangela inyumoniya. Kubantu abadala, iibacteria zezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kwinyumoniya.

Iindlela onokufumana ngazo inyumoniya zibandakanya:

• Iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane ezihlala empumlweni, kwiisono, okanye emlonyeni zingasasazeka kwimiphunga yakho.
• Ungaphefumlela ezinye zezi ntsholongwane ngqo kwimiphunga yakho.
• Uphefumla (uphefumlela ngaphakathi) ukutya, ulwelo, ukugabha, okanye ulwelo olusuka emlonyeni luye kwimiphunga yakho (aspiration pneumonia).

I-pneumonia inokubangelwa ziindidi ezininzi zeentsholongwane.

• Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lweebhaktheriya IStreptococcus pneumoniae (inyumoniya).
• I-atypical pneumonia, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-pneumonia yokuhamba, ibangelwa zezinye iintsholongwane.
• Ngundo ebizwa IPneumocystis jiroveci inokubangela inyumoniya kubantu amajoni omzimba wabo angasebenzi kakuhle, ngakumbi abantu abanesifo se-HIV esihambele phambili.
• Iintsholongwane, ezinje ngentsholongwane yomkhuhlane, kwaye kutshanje i-SARS-CoV-2 (ebangela i-COVID-19), zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezibangela inyumoniya.

Izinto ezinobungozi ezonyusa amathuba akho okufumana inyumoniya zibandakanya:

• Isifo esingapheliyo semiphunga (COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis)
• Ukutshaya icuba
• Isifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo, ukubetha, ukulimala kwengqondo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, okanye ezinye iingxaki zobuchopho
• Ingxaki yenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela (ngexesha lonyango lomhlaza, okanye ngenxa ye-HIV / AIDS, ukufakelwa komzimba, okanye ezinye izifo)
• Ezinye izifo ezinzulu, ezinjengesifo sentliziyo, isifo sokuqina kwesibindi, okanye isifo seswekile
• Utyando lwamva nje okanye umothuko
• Utyando lokunyanga umhlaza womlomo, womqala, okanye wentamo

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zenyumoniya zezi:

• Ukukhwehlela (ngezinye iinyumoniya unokukhwehlela i-mucus eluhlaza okanye etyheli, okanye kwencindi enegazi)
• Umkhuhlane, onokuba nobulali okanye phezulu
• Ukugungqa kobandayo
• Ukuphefumla okufutshane (kunokwenzeka kuphela xa unyuka izitepsi okanye uzikhuphile)

Ezinye iimpawu zibandakanya:

• Ukudideka, ngakumbi kubantu abadala
• Ukubila okugqithisileyo kunye nolusu olushushu
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Ukuphelelwa ngumdla, amandla aphantsi nokudinwa
• UMalaise (andiziva mnandi)
• Ukuqaqamba okanye ukuhlaba iintlungu zesifuba esiba mandundu xa uphefumla ngokunzulu okanye ukhohlela
• I-White nail syndrome, okanye i-leukonychia

Umboneleli wezempilo uya kumamela xa ethe wamamela isifuba sakho nge-stethoscope. Ukuchwetheza eludongeni lwesifuba (ukubetha) kunceda umboneleli aphulaphule kwaye azive izandi ezingaqhelekanga esifubeni sakho.

Ukuba ikrokrela inyumoniya, umboneleli unokuyalela i-x-ray yesifuba.

Olunye uvavanyo olunoku-odolwa lubandakanya:

• Iigesi zegazi ezijikelezayo ukubona ukuba ioksijini eyaneleyo ingena na egazini lakho kwimiphunga.
• Igazi kunye neenkcubeko zesikhohlela ukukhangela intsholongwane enokubangela inyumoniya.
• CBC ukujonga ubalo lweeseli ezimhlophe.
• Ukuxilongwa kwe-CT kwesifuba.
• Bronchoscopy. Umbhobho oguqukayo kunye nekhamera ekhanyisiweyo ekugqibeleni idluliselwe kwimiphunga yakho, kwiimeko ezikhethiweyo.
• Thoracentesis. Ukususa ulwelo kwisithuba esiphakathi kwempahla engaphandle yemiphunga kunye nodonga lwesifuba.
• I-Nasopharyngeal swab yokuvavanya intsholongwane efana nomkhuhlane kunye ne-SARS-CoV-2.

Umboneleli wakho kufuneka kuqala athathe isigqibo sokuba kuyafuneka na usesibhedlele. Ukuba uyanyangwa esibhedlele, uyakufumana:

• Ulwelo kunye nezibulala ntsholongwane ngemithambo yakho
• Unyango lweoksijini
• Unyango lokuphefumla (mhlawumbi)

Ukuba ufunyaniswe unebacteria yinyumoniya, kubalulekile ukuba uqaliswe kwii-antibiotics kwakamsinya emva kokuba wamkelwe. Ukuba une-pneumonia yentsholongwane, awuzukufumana zintsholongwane. Kungenxa yokuba amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane awazibulali iintsholongwane. Unokufumana amanye amayeza, anjengee-antivirals, ukuba unomkhuhlane.

Kungenzeka ukuba ungeniswe esibhedlele ukuba:

• Unenye ingxaki yezonyango
• Yiba neempawu ezinzima
• Awunakho ukuzinakekela ekhaya, okanye awunakutya okanye usele
• Badala kune-65
• Baye bathatha ii-antibiotics ekhaya kwaye abaphucuki

Abantu abaninzi banokunyangwa ekhaya. Ukuba kunjalo, umboneleli wakho angakuxelela ukuba uthathe amayeza afana neyeza lokubulala iintsholongwane.

Xa uthatha i-antibiotics:

• Ungaphoswa nayiphi na idosi. Thatha iyeza de liphele, naxa uqala ukuziva ungcono.
• Sukuthatha amayeza okukhohlela okanye amayeza abandayo ngaphandle kokuba ugqirha uthi kulungile. Ukukhohlela kunceda umzimba wakho ukuba ulahle i-mucus kwimiphunga yakho.

Ukuphefumla umoya ofudumeleyo, ofumileyo (omanzi) kunceda ukukhulula i-mucus encangathi enokukwenza uzive ngathi uyaminxa. Ezi zinto zinokunceda:

• Beka ilaphu lokuhlamba elifudumeleyo nelimanzi ngokukhululekileyo phezu kwempumlo nomlomo wakho.
• Gcwalisa i-humidifier ngamanzi ashushu kwaye uphefumle inkungu efudumeleyo.
• Thatha imiphefumlo emibini okanye kathathu ngeyure nganye. Ukuphefumla nzulu kuya kukunceda uvule imiphunga yakho.
• Thepha isifuba sakho ngobunono amaxesha ambalwa ngemini ngelixa ulele ngentloko ngaphantsi kwesifuba. Oku kunceda ukukhupha i-mucus kwimiphunga ukuze ukwazi ukukhohlela.

Sela iziselo ezininzi, ukuba umboneleli wakho uthi kulungile.

• Sela amanzi, ijusi, okanye iti ebuthathaka
• Sela ubuncinci iikomityi ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-10 (1.5 ukuya kwi-2.5 yeelitha) ngosuku
• Musa ukusela utywala

Phumla ngokwaneleyo xa ugoduka. Ukuba unengxaki yokulala ebusuku, thatha ikhefu emini.

Ngonyango, uninzi lwabantu luphucula ngaphakathi kweeveki ezimbini. Abantu abadala okanye abantu abagula kakhulu banokufuna unyango olude.

Abo banokuthi babe ne-pneumonia enzima kubandakanya:

• Abantu abadala abadala
• Abantu amajoni omzimba angasebenzi kakuhle
• Abantu abanezinye iingxaki ezinzulu zonyango ezinje ngesifo seswekile okanye ukuqina kwesibindi

Kuzo zonke ezi meko zingasentla, inyumoniya inokukhokelela ekufeni, ukuba ibanzima.

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, kunokuvela iingxaki ezinzulu, kubandakanya:

• Utshintsho olusongela ubomi kwimiphunga efuna umatshini wokuphefumla
• Ulwelo olujikeleze imiphunga (ukungxola)
• Ulwelo olosulelekileyo olujikeleze imiphunga (empyema)
• Amathumba emiphunga

Umboneleli wakho unokuyalela enye i-x-ray. Oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba imiphunga yakho icacile. Kungathatha iiveki ezininzi ukuba i-x-ray yakho icace. Uya kuziva ungcono ngaphambi kokuba i-x-ray icace.

Fowunela umnikezeli wakho ukuba unayo:

• Isikhohlela esizisa imifinya enegazi okanye umhlwa
• Ukuphefumla (iimpawu zokuphefumla) eziya zisiba mbi
• Intlungu yesifuba iya isiba mandundu xa ukhohlela okanye uphefumla
• Ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza okanye okubuhlungu
• Ukubila ebusuku okanye ukuncipha komzimba okungachazwanga
• Ukuphefumla kancinci, ukugungqa ukugodola, okanye imikhuhlane engapheliyo
• Iimpawu zenyumoniya kunye namajoni omzimba abuthathaka (umzekelo, njenge-HIV okanye ichemotherapy)
• Ukwandiswa kweempawu emva kokuphuculwa kokuqala

Unganceda ukuthintela inyumoniya ngokulandela la manyathelo angezantsi.

Hlamba izandla zakho rhoqo, ngakumbi:

• Ngaphambi kokulungiselela ukutya nokutya
• Emva kokuvuthela impumlo yakho
• Emva kokuya kwindlu yangasese
• Emva kokutshintsha ilweyile lomntwana
• Emva kokudibana nabantu abagulayo

Kuphephe ukudibana nabantu abagulayo.

Musa ukutshaya. Icuba lonakalisa amandla emiphunga akho okulwa usulelo.

Izitofu zokugonya zinganceda ukuthintela ezinye iintlobo zenyumoniya. Qiniseka ukuba ufumana ezi zitofu zilandelayo:

• Ugonyo lomkhuhlane lunokunceda ukukhusela inyumoniya ebangelwa yintsholongwane yomkhuhlane.
• Isitofu sokugonya se-pneumococcal sehlisa amathuba akho okufumana inyumoniya IStreptococcus pneumoniae.

Amachiza abaluleke ngakumbi kubantu abadala kunye nabantu abanesifo seswekile, i-asthma, i-emphysema, i-HIV, umhlaza, abantu abafakelwe amalungu omzimba, okanye ezinye iimeko zexesha elide.

Bronchopneumonia; Inyumoniya efunyanwa ekuhlaleni; Ikopi

• Bronchiolitis - ukubhobhoza
• Umkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane - yintoni oza kuyibuza ugqirha wakho - umntu omdala
• Umkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane-yintoni oza kuyibuza ugqirha-umntwana wakho
• Indlela yokuphefumla xa unomoya omfutshane
• Ukhuseleko lweoksijini
• I-pneumonia kubantu abadala - ukukhutshwa
• I-pneumonia kubantwana - ukukhutshwa
• Sebenzisa ioksijini ekhaya
• Sebenzisa ioksijini ekhaya-yintoni oza kuyibuza ugqirha wakho
• Xa usana lwakho okanye usana lwakho lunomkhuhlane

• Inkqubo yokuphefumla
• Ukukrala kwemiphunga
• Isipikili esimhlophe

UDaly JS, uEllison RT. Inyumoniya Acute. Ku: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, ii-eds. Mandell, Douglas, kunye neBennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 67.

UMusher DM. Ubume benyumoniya. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Ngomhla wama-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahl. 91.

IWunderunk RG. Izikhokelo zokulawula inyumoniya efunyanwa eluntwini. Iiklinikhi zesifuba iMed. 2018; 39 (4): 723-731. IINKCUKACHA: 30390744 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30390744/.