Melanoma

I-Melanoma lolona hlobo lomhlaza wolusu luyingozi. Ikwayinto enqabileyo. Ngoyena nobangela uphambili wokubulawa sisifo solusu.

Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wolusu zi-squamous cell carcinoma kunye ne-basal cell carcinoma.

I-Melanoma ibangelwa lutshintsho (utshintsho) kwiiseli zolusu ezibizwa ngokuba yimelanocytes. Ezi seli zenza umbala wombala wolusu obizwa ngokuba yimelanin. I-Melanin inoxanduva lolusu kunye nombala weenwele.

I-Melanoma inokuvela kulusu oluqhelekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha inokukhula ukusuka kwi-moles. Iinyumasi ezikhoyo ekuzalweni zinokukhula zibe yimelanoma. Ii-moles ezinkulu ezikhoyo ngexesha lokuzalwa zinokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokuphuhlisa i-melanoma.

Kukho iintlobo ezine eziphambili ze-melanoma:

• Imelanoma esasazekayo lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo. Ihlala icaba ceke kwaye ingalinganiyo ngobume nangombala, inee-shades ezahlukileyo ezimnyama namdaka. Kuqheleke kakhulu kubantu abaqhelekileyo besikhumba.
• I-melanoma engacacanga ihlala iqala njengendawo ephakanyisiweyo emnyama-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye bomvu-bomvu. Abanye abanawo umbala (i-amelanotic melanoma).
• I-Lentigo maligna melanoma ngesiqhelo kwenzeka kubantu abadala. Kuqheleke kakhulu kulusu olonakaliswe lilanga ebusweni, entanyeni, nakwiingalo. Iindawo ezingaqhelekanga zolusu zihlala zikhulu, zicabalele, kwaye zimnyama kunye nemimandla emdaka.
• I-melanoma yentsholongwane engapheliyo yeyona fomu iqhelekileyo. Ihlala isenzeka ezintendeni, ematheni, okanye phantsi kwezikhonkwane.

Umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa i-melanoma yanda ngokudala. Nangona kunjalo, ngakumbi nangakumbi abantu abatsha bayayiphuhlisa.

Unamathuba okuphuhlisa i-melanoma ukuba:

• Unesikhumba esifanelekileyo, umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye oluhlaza, okanye iinwele ezibomvu okanye ezimhlophe
• Phila kwindawo ezinelanga okanye kwiindawo eziphakamileyo
• Sichithe ixesha elininzi kumanqanaba aphezulu elanga ngenxa yomsebenzi okanye ezinye izinto
• Ukhe wanelinye okanye ngaphezulu kokutshiswa lilanga ngexesha lobuntwana
• Sebenzisa izixhobo zokususa, njengemibhede yokushuka

Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zibandakanya:

• Ukuba nezihlobo ezisondeleyo kunye ne-melanoma
• Ezinye iintlobo ze-moles (i-atypical okanye i-dysplastic) okanye ezininzi iimpawu zokuzalwa
• Amandla omzimba abuthathaka ngenxa yezifo okanye amayeza

I-mole, i-sore, i-lump, okanye ukukhula kwesikhumba ingaba ngumqondiso we-melanoma okanye omnye umhlaza wesikhumba. Isilonda okanye ukukhula okuphuma igazi, okanye utshintsho kumbala nako kungangumqondiso womhlaza wolusu.

Inkqubo ye- IABCDE Inkqubo inokukunceda ukhumbule iimpawu ze-melanoma:

• Aulingano macala: Isiqingatha sendawo engaqhelekanga sahlukile kwesinye isiqingatha.
• BImiyalelo: Imiphetho yokukhula ayiqhelekanga.
• COlor: Utshintsho lombala ukusuka kwenye indawo uye kolunye, kunye neethunzi ezimnyama, ezimdaka, okanye ezimnyama, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zimhlophe, zibomvu, okanye luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umxube wemibala unokuvela ngaphakathi kwesifo esinye.
• Diameter: Indawo ihlala (kodwa ayisoloko ihleli) inkulu kune-5 mm ubukhulu-malunga nobungakanani bokusula kwepensile.
• EUqhekeko: Imole eqhubeka nokutshintsha inkangeleko.

Enye indlela yokujonga i-melanoma enokwenzeka "luphawu olubi lwedada." Oku kuthetha ukuba i-melanoma ayikhangeleki njengamanye amabala emzimbeni. Iyabonakala njengentshontsho ledada elibi kwibali labantwana.

Umboneleli wakho wezempilo uya kujonga ulusu lwakho kwaye ajonge ubungakanani, imilo, umbala, kunye nokuthungwa kwayo nayiphi na indawo ekrokrisayo enedermatoscope.

Ukuba umboneleli wakho ucinga ukuba unokuba nomhlaza wolusu, iqhekeza lolusu ekukhuleni liyakususwa. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-biopsy yolusu. Isampulu ithunyelwa kwilebhu yoviwo phantsi kwemicroscope.

I-sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy inokwenziwa kwabanye abantu abane-melanoma ukubona ukuba umhlaza usasazekile kwii-lymph node ezikufutshane.

Emva kokuba i-melanoma ifunyenwe, i-CT scans okanye ezinye iintlobo ze-x-ray ziyakwenziwa ukuze zibone ukuba umhlaza usasazekile.

Utyando phantse luyafuneka ukunyanga imelanoma. Umhlaza wolusu kunye nendawo ejikelezileyo iya kususwa. Ubungakanani besikhumba esisusiweyo buxhomekeke kwindlela i-melanoma ekhule ngayo.

Ukuba umhlaza usasazekile kwii-lymph node ezikufuphi, ezi lymph node zinokususwa. Emva kotyando, kuxhomekeke kumngcipheko wokubuyela kwesi sifo, unokufumana ichemotherapy okanye i-immunotherapy.

Unyango luba nzima ngakumbi xa i-melanoma isasazeke kwamanye amalungu. Unyango lubandakanya ukuncipha komhlaza wolusu nokunyanga umhlaza kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Unokufumana:

• I-Chemotherapy: Amayeza asetyenziselwa ukubulala ngqo iiseli zomhlaza.
• I-Immunotherapy: Oku kubandakanya iziyobisi ezinje nge-interferon ukunceda amajoni akho omzimba alwe nomhlaza, okanye ezinye iziyobisi ezonyusa amandla omzimba wakho wokufumana iiseli zomhlaza kwaye uzibulale. Zingasetyenziselwa kunye ne-chemotherapy kunye nokuhlinzwa.
• Unyango ngemitha: Ezi zinokusetyenziselwa ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza.
• Ugqirha: Utyando lunokwenziwa ukususa umhlaza osele usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Oku kwenziwa ukunciphisa iintlungu okanye ukungonwabi okunxulunyaniswa nomhlaza okhulayo.
• Amayeza asemxholweni: Ikhuthaza amajoni omzimba kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuba une-melanoma ekunzima ukuyinyanga, unokucinga ngokubhalisa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Buza ugqirha wakho ngolwazi olungakumbi. Abaphandi bayaqhubeka nokufunda unyango olutsha.

Ungaluphelisa uxinzelelo lokugula ngokujoyina iqela lokuxhasa umhlaza. Ukwabelana nabanye abanamava afanayo kunye neengxaki kunokukunceda ungaziva ulilolo.

Ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zinokubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya kwi-melanoma:

• IZiko leSizwe loMhlaza-www.cancer.gov/about-nci
• Umbutho woMhlaza waseMelika- www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer
• Isiseko seMelika Melanoma - melanomafoundation.org/

Ukusebenza kakuhle kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya nokuba umhlaza wafunyanwa njani kungekudala, kwaye sele usasazeke kangakanani.

Kwinqanaba layo lokuqala, uninzi lwe-melanomas luyanyangeka.

I-Melanoma enzulu kakhulu okanye isasazeke kwii-lymph node kunokwenzeka ukuba ibuye emva konyango. Ukuba ubunzulu kune-4 mm okanye unwenwele kwii-lymph node, umhlaza kunokwenzeka ukuba usasazeke kwezinye izicwili kunye namalungu.

Ukuba unayo i-melanoma kwaye wachacha, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uhlolisise umzimba wakho rhoqo ngalo naluphi na utshintsho olungaqhelekanga. Umngcipheko we-melanoma uyanda xa sele unalo mhlaza. I-Melanoma ingabuya emva kweminyaka.

I-Melanoma inokusasazeka kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Unyango lwe-Melanoma lunokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, kubandakanya iintlungu, isicaphucaphu, kunye nokudinwa.

Biza umnikezeli wakho ukuba ubona ukukhula okutsha okanye naluphi na utshintsho kolusu lwakho. Thetha nomboneleli wakho ukuba kukho indawo esele ikho:

• Utshintsho kubume, ubungakanani okanye umbala
• Yiba buhlungu, udumbe, okanye udumbe
• Iqala ukopha okanye ukurhawuzelela

Abanye abantu kufuneka babone ugqirha wolusu kwiimviwo eziqhelekileyo zolusu. Oku kubandakanya abantu abane:

• Imbali yosapho ye-melanoma
• Ulusu olonakaliswe kakhulu lilanga
• Uninzi lwee-moles kulusu lwabo

Ugqirha wolusu unokukuvavanya kwaye akuxelele ukuba ufuna ukuhlolwa rhoqo kolusu. Ngamanye amaxesha, iincukuthu ezingaqhelekanga ziyasuswa ukuthintela ukuba zingaguquki zibe yi-melanoma.

Kufuneka ujonge nolusu lwakho kube kanye ngenyanga. Sebenzisa isipili ukujonga iindawo ekunzima ukuzibona. Sebenzisa inkqubo yeABCDE kunye nophawu "lwedada elibi" xa ujonga ulusu lwakho.

Eyona ndlela yokuthintela umhlaza wolusu kukunciphisa ukubonakala kwakho elangeni. Ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kunzima kakhulu phakathi kwe-10 ekuseni no-4 ntambama Zama ukunqanda ukubekwa lilanga kwezi yure. Khusela ulusu lwakho ngokunxiba umnqwazi, ihempe enemikhono emide, isiketi eside, okanye iblukhwe xa kufuneka ungaphandle. Ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo zinokunceda:

• Faka isicelo se-sunscreen ekumgangatho ophezulu ngenqanaba lokukhusela ilanga (SPF) elingama-30 okanye ngaphezulu, nokuba sowuphuma ngaphandle ixesha elifutshane.
• Faka isixa esikhulu se-sunscreen kuzo zonke iindawo eziveziweyo, kubandakanya iindlebe neenyawo.
• Khangela i-sunscreens evimba ukukhanya kwe-UVA kunye ne-UVB. Ezi ziya kuba nelebheli "ebanzi."
• Sebenzisa ifomula engenawo amanzi ukuba ichanekile emanzini.
• Faka i-sunscreen ubuncinci kwimizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuba uye ngaphandle Yisebenzise kwakhona rhoqo, ngakumbi emva kokuqubha.
• Sebenzisa i-sunscreen ebusika, nayo. Zikhusele nakwiintsuku ezinamafu.

Ezinye iinyani ezibalulekileyo ukukunceda ukunqanda ukubonakaliswa lilanga kakhulu:

• Gwema imiphezulu ebonisa ukukhanya okungaphezulu, njengamanzi, isanti, ikhonkrithi, kunye neendawo ezipeyintiweyo ezimhlophe.
• Qaphela ngakumbi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, apho ulusu luvutha ngokukhawuleza.
• Gwema izibane zelanga, iibhedi zokutshisa, kunye neesalon.

Nangona i-melanoma inokukhula kwezinye ii-moles, oogqirha baziva ngathi akukho sibonelelo sokususa i-moles ukukhusela i-melanoma.

Umhlaza wolusu - i-melanoma; Melanoma ebulalayo; I-Lentigo maligna melanoma; IMelanoma in situ; Melanoma esasazekayo; Melanoma engaqhelekanga; I-melanoma yentsholongwane engapheliyo

• I-Melanoma yesibindi-iMRI scan
• Umhlaza wolusu - i-melanoma enobungozi
• Umhlaza wolusu-uphakamise imibala emininzi ye-melanoma
• Umhlaza wolusu, i-melanoma - i-lesion ethe tyaba, emdaka
• Umhlaza wolusu, imelanoma kwiinzipho
• Umhlaza wolusu, ukuvala i-lentigo maligna melanoma
• Umhlaza wolusu - imelanoma isasazeka ngokungaphezulu
• Melanoma
• Umhlaza wolusu, imelanoma-inyuswe, isilonda esimnyama
• I-melanoma enobungozi

UGarbe C, uBauer J. Melanoma. Ku: I-Bolognia JL, uSchaffer JV, uCerroni L, ii-eds. Dermatology. Ngomhla we-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 113.

Kwiwebhusayithi yeZiko loMhlaza weSizwe. Unyango lweMelanoma (PDQ) inguqulelo yezempilo. www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/melanoma-kunyanga-pdq. Ukuhlaziywa ngoNovemba 8, 2019. Ifikeleleke ngoJanuwari 29, 2020.

Iwebhusayithi yeNethiwekhi yeCancer epheleleyo yoMhlaza. Isikhokelo sonyango se-NCCN kwi-oncology: melanoma. Inguqulelo 2. 2018. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/melanoma.pdf. Ukuhlaziywa ngoDisemba 19, 2019. Ifikeleleke ngoJanuwari 29, 2020.