Ukunxila kweOpioid

Amachiza asekwe kwi-opioid abandakanya i-morphine, i-oxycodone, kunye ne-synthetic (eyenziwe ngumntu) ye-opioid narcotic, enjenge fentanyl. Banikwa unyango lweentlungu emva kotyando okanye inkqubo yamazinyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga ukukhohlela okanye urhudo. I heroin yeziyobisi engekho mthethweni ikwayi-opioid. Xa uxhatshazwa, ii-opioids zibangela ukuba umntu azive ekhululekile kwaye onwabe kakhulu (imincili). Ngamafutshane, amachiza asetyenziselwa ukunyuka.

Ukunxila kwe-opioid yimeko apho ungaphezulu kuphela ekusebenziseni ichiza, kodwa unempawu zomzimba wonke ezinokukwenza ugule kwaye ungakhubazeki.

Ukunxila kwe-opioid kunokwenzeka xa umboneleli wezempilo emisela i-opioid, kodwa:

• Umboneleli akayazi ukuba umntu sele ethatha enye i-opioid ekhaya.
• Umntu unengxaki yempilo, enjengesibindi okanye ingxaki yezintso, enokuthi ngokulula ibangele ukunxila.
• Umboneleli umisela amayeza okulala (ukuthomalalisa) ukongeza kwi-opioid.
• Umboneleli akayazi ukuba omnye umboneleli sele emisele i-opioid.

Kubantu abasebenzisa i-opioids ukuphakama, ukunxila kunokubangelwa ngu:

• Ukusebenzisa kakhulu iziyobisi
• Sebenzisa i-opioid nezinye iziyobisi, ezinje ngamayeza okulala okanye utywala
• Ukuthatha i-opioid ngeendlela ezingasetyenziswanga ngokuqhelekileyo, ezifana nokutshaya okanye ukufuthwa ngeempumlo (kuhluthwe)

Iimpawu zixhomekeke ekubeni lingakanani ichiza elithathiweyo.

Iimpawu zokunxila kwe-opioid zinokubandakanya:

• Isimo esitshintshileyo sengqondo, esifana nokudideka, ukuphambana, okanye ukunciphisa ulwazi okanye ukuphendula
• Iingxaki zokuphefumla (ukuphefumla kungacotha kwaye kuyeke ekugqibeleni)
• Ubuthongo obukhulu okanye ukulahleka kokuphaphama
• Isicaphucaphu nokugabha
• Abafundi abancinci

Uvavanyo oluyalelweyo luxhomekeke kwinkxalabo yomnikezeli ngeengxaki zonyango ezongezelelweyo. Uvavanyo lunokubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi
• Ukuvavanywa kwengqondo kwe-CT, ukuba umntu uxhuzula okanye unokwenzakala entloko
• I-ECG (i-electrocardiogram) yokulinganisa umsebenzi wombane entliziyweni
• I-x-ray yesifuba ukujonga inyumoniya
• Uvavanyo lweToxicology (ityhefu)

Umboneleli uya kulinganisa kwaye abeke esweni iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomntu, kubandakanya iqondo lobushushu, ukubetha kwentliziyo, inqanaba lokuphefumla, kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi. Iimpawu ziya kuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Umntu angafumana:

• Ukuphefumla inkxaso, kubandakanya ioksijini, okanye ityhubhu ehamba ngomlomo iye emiphungeni kunye nokuncamathisela kumatshini wokuphefumla
• Ulwelo IV
• Iyeza elibizwa ngokuba yi-naloxone (Evzio, Narcan) ukuvimba isiphumo se-opioid kwinkqubo yovalo
• Amanye amayeza njengoko kufuneka

Kuba ifuthe le-naloxone lihlala lifutshane, iqela lokhathalelo lwempilo liza kujonga isigulana iiyure ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6 kwisebe likaxakeka. Abantu abanokunxila okuphakathi ukuya kwiziselo ezinxilisayo banokungeniswa esibhedlele kangangeeyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezi-48.

Uvavanyo lwempilo yengqondo luyafuneka xa umntu ezibulala.

Izinto ezininzi zichonga isiphumo esifutshane kunye nexesha elide emva kokunxila kwe-opioid. Ezinye zazo zezi:

• Iqondo lobuthi, umzekelo, ukuba umntu uyekile ukuphefumla, kwaye ixesha elingakanani
• Zisetyenziswa kangaphi iziyobisi
• Iziphumo zokungcola okuxutywe nezinto ezingekho mthethweni
• Ukonzakala okwenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisa iziyobisi
• Iimeko zonyango ezisisiseko

Iingxaki zempilo ezinokuthi zenzeke zibandakanya nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Umonakalo osisigxina wemiphunga
• Ukuxhuzula, ukungcangcazela
• Ukunciphisa amandla okucinga ngokucacileyo
• Ukungazinzi kunye nobunzima bokuhamba
• Usulelo okanye ukonakala ngokusisigxina kwamalungu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngenaliti kweziyobisi

Ukunxila - opioids; Ukuphathwa gadalala kweopioid - ukunxila; Ukusetyenziswa kweOpioid - ukunxila

UAronons JK. I-opioid receptor agonists. Ku: Aronson JK, ed. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zikaMeyler zeziyobisi. Ngomhla we-16. I-Waltham, MA: Elsevier; Ngo-2016: 348-380.

IZiko leLizwe lewebhusayithi yokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Iipioids. www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids. Kufumaneka ngo-Apreli 29, 2019.

IZiko leLizwe lewebhusayithi yokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Zithini iingxaki zonyango lokusetyenziswa kweheroin engapheliyo? www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/heroin/what-are-medical-complications-chronic-heroin-use. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJuni 2018. Kufumaneka ngo-Apreli 29, 2019.

UNikolaides JK, uThompson TM. Iipioids. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 156.