Ukukhula komntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa

Ukukhula kweentsana kuhlala kwahlulwa kule mimandla ilandelayo:

• Ukuqonda
• Ulwimi
• Ngokwasemzimbeni, ezinje ngezakhono ezifanelekileyo zemoto (ukubamba icephe, ukuqonda into ebambekayo) kunye nezakhono ezigcweleyo zemoto (ulawulo lwentloko, ukuhlala nokuhamba)
• Ezentlalo

UKUPHUHLISWA KOMZIMBA

Ukukhula komzimba kosana kuqala entloko, emva koko kudlulele kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Umzekelo, ukuncancisa kuza ngaphambi kokuhlala, okuza ngaphambi kokuhamba.

Usana olusanda kuzalwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezimbini:

• Bangaphakamisa kwaye bajike iintloko zabo xa belele ngomqolo
• Izandla ziyajijwa, iingalo ziyatshintshwa
• Intamo ayikwazi ukuxhasa intloko xa usana lutsalwa luhleli phantsi

Iingcamango zokuqala ziquka:

• I-Babinski reflex, iinzwane ziyavela ngaphandle xa unyawo luphulwe
• I-Moro reflex (yothusa i-reflex), yandisa iingalo emva koko igobe kwaye ibatsalele emzimbeni ngokukhala okufutshane; ihlala ibangelwa zizandi eziphezulu okanye intshukumo yequbuliso
• Ukubamba ngesandla kwePalmar, usana luvala isandla kwaye "lubambe" umnwe wakho
• Ukubeka, umlenze uyandiswa xa kuphela unyawo luchukunyiswa
• Ukubamba kwezityalo, usana luguqulela iinzwane kunye neenyawo zangaphambili
• Ukucothula nokuncancisa, kujika intloko kukhangele ingono xa kuchukunyiswe isidlele kwaye kuqala ukuncanca xa ingono ichukumisa imilebe.
• Ukunyathela nokuhamba, kuthatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza xa zombini iinyawo zibekwe phezu komhlaba, zixhaswa ngumzimba
• Impendulo yentamo yeTonic, ingalo yasekhohlo iyaqhubeka xa ujonge usana ngasekhohlo, ngelixa ingalo yasekunene nomlenze ungena ngaphakathi, ngokuchaseneyo

Iinyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4:

• Ukulawulwa okungcono kwemisipha yamehlo kuvumela usana ukuba lulandele izinto.
• Iqala ukulawula isenzo sezandla neenyawo, kodwa ezi ntshukumo azilungiswanga kakuhle. Usana lungaqala ukusebenzisa zozibini izandla, ukusebenza kunye, ukwenza imisebenzi. Usana alukakwazi ukulungelelanisa ukubamba, kodwa luyaswayipha kwizinto ukubasondeza.
• Ukonyuka kombono kuvumela usana ukuba luxelele izinto ngaphandle kwemvelaphi ngokungafaniyo okuncinci (njengeqhosha kwi-blouse yombala ofanayo).
• Umntwana uphakama (isisu esingaphezulu, amagxa kunye nentloko) ngeengalo xa elele ngobuso phantsi (esiswini).
• Imisipha yeentsimbi iphuhliswa ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela usana ukuba luhlale ngenkxaso, kwaye luqhubeke phezulu.
• Iingcamango zokuqala sele zivele zanyamalala, okanye ziqala ukunyamalala.

Iinyanga ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-6:

• Uyakwazi ukuhlala wedwa, ngaphandle kwenkxaso, kwimizuzu yokuqala kuphela, emva koko ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzwana engama-30 okanye nangaphezulu.
• Iintsana ziqala ukubamba iibhloko okanye iityhubhu zisebenzisa ubuchwephesha bokubamba ulnar-palmar (ucofe ibhloko kwisandla sesandla ngelixa ujika okanye ugoba isihlahla) kodwa ayikasisebenzisi isithupha.
• Iintsana ezijikelezayo ukusuka ngasemva ukuya esiswini. Xa usesiswini, usana lunokutyhala ngeengalo ukuphakamisa amagxa kunye nentloko kwaye ujonge macala onke okanye ufikelele kwizinto.

Iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-9:

• Ukurhubuluza kungaqala
• Iintsana zinokuhamba ngelixa zibambe isandla somntu omdala
• Usana luyakwazi ukuhlala ngokuzinzileyo, ngaphandle kwenkxaso, ixesha elide
• Usana lufunda ukuhlala phantsi endaweni emileyo
• Iintsana zingangena kwaye zigcine ukuma ngelixa zibambelele kwifenitshala

Iinyanga ezili-9 ukuya kwezi-12:

• Iintsana ziqala ukulinganisa ngelixa zimi zodwa
• Usana luthatha amanyathelo lubambe isandla; unokuthatha amanyathelo ambalwa uwedwa

UPHUHLISO LWENGQIQO

• Ukuva kuqala ngaphambi kokuzalwa, kwaye kuvuthiwe ekuzalweni. Usana luthanda ilizwi lomntu.
• Chukumisa, ungcamle, kunye nevumba, ukukhula ngexesha lokuzalwa; ukhetha incasa emnandi.
• Umbono, usana olusandul 'ukuzalwa lunokubona kuluhlu lwee-intshi ezi-8 ukuya kwezi-12 (iisentimitha ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-30). Umbala wemibala ukhula phakathi kweenyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6. Kwiinyanga ezi-2, unokulandela umkhondo wokuhambisa izinto ukuya kuthi ga kwi-180 degrees, kwaye ukhetha ubuso.
• Iindlebe zangaphakathi (i-vestibular), usana lusabela ekugungqiseni nasekutshintsheni isikhundla.

UPHUHLISO LWEELWIMI

Ukulila yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokunxibelelana. Ngosuku lwesithathu lokuzalwa kosana, oomama banako ukuxelela ukukhala kosana lwabo kolwabanye abantwana. Ngenyanga yokuqala yobomi, uninzi lwabazali banokwazi ukuba ukukhala kosana lwabo kuthetha indlala, iintlungu, okanye umsindo. Ukulila kukwabangela ukuba ubisi lukamama oncancisayo lwehlise (gcwalisa ibele).

Inani lokukhala kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqala liyahluka kwimveku esempilweni, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwiiyure ezintathu ngosuku. Iintsana ezilila ngaphezu kweeyure ezi-3 ngosuku zihlala zichazwa ngokuba ne-colic. I-Colic kwiintsana kunqabile ngenxa yengxaki emzimbeni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iyema ngeenyanga ezi-4 ubudala.

Nokuba siyintoni na isizathu, ukukhala okugqithisileyo kufuna uvavanyo lwezonyango. Inokubangela uxinzelelo losapho olunokukhokelela ekuphathweni gadalala kwabantwana.

Iinyanga ezi-0 ukuya kwezi-2:

• Isilumkiso kumazwi
• Sebenzisa uluhlu lwezandi ukubonisa iimfuno, njengokulamba okanye iintlungu

Iinyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4:

• Coos

Iinyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6:

• Yenza izandi zezikhamiso ("oo," "ah")

Iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-9:

• Babbles
• Ukubetha amaqamza ("iirasibisi")
• Ihleka

Iinyanga ezili-9 ukuya kwezi-12:

• Linganisa izandi ezithile
• Ithi "Mama" kunye no "Dada,", kodwa hayi ngokukodwa abo bazali
• Ukuphendula kwimiyalelo elula yomlomo, enje ngo "hayi"

INDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA

Ukuziphatha komntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa kusekelwe kwimimandla emithandathu yokuqonda:

• Ukulila okusebenzayo
• Ukulala okusebenzayo
• Ukozela ukuvuka
• Ukuxambulisana
• Isilumkiso esithe cwaka
• Ukulala cwaka

Iintsana ezisempilweni ezinenkqubo yemithambo yesiqhelo inokuhamba kakuhle ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Ukubetha kwentliziyo, ukuphefumla, ithoni yemisipha, kunye nokuhamba komzimba kwahlukile kwimeko nganye.

Imisebenzi emininzi yomzimba ayizinzanga kwiinyanga zokuqala emva kokuzalwa. Oku kuqhelekile kwaye kwahlukile kosana kubantwana. Uxinzelelo kunye nokukhuthaza kunokuchaphazela:

• Ukuhamba kwamathumbu
• Ukuhlikihla
• Ukuxhamla
• Umbala wolusu
• Ulawulo lobushushu
• Ukuhlanza
• Ukuzamla

Ukuphefumla okungapheliyo, apho ukuphefumla kuqala kwaye kuyeke kwakhona, kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Ayilophawu lokufa kweentsana ngesiquphe (SIDS). Abanye abantwana baya kugabha okanye batshicele emva kokondla ngakunye, kodwa kungabikho nto iphosakeleyo ngokwasemzimbeni kubo. Baqhubeka nokutyeba kwaye bakhula ngesiqhelo.

Olunye usana luyangxola kwaye luyancwina ngelixa lusenza intshukumo, kodwa luvelise izitulo ezithambileyo, ezingenagazi, kunye nokukhula kwazo nokondla kulungile. Oku kungenxa yemisipha yesisu engafakwanga esetyenziselwa ukutyhala kwaye ayifuni kunyangwa.

Imijikelo yokulala / yokuvuka iyahluka, kwaye ayizinzisi de umntwana abe neenyanga ezintathu ubudala. Le mijikelo yenzeka ngamanqanaba emizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-50 xa izalwa. Amanqanaba ayanda ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko usana lukhula. Ngokweenyanga ezi-4 ubudala, uninzi lweentsana luya kuba nexesha elinye leyure ezi-5 zokulala ungaphazanyiswa ngosuku.

Iintsana ezincancisayo ziya kutya malunga neeyure ezimbini. Iintsana ezondliwe ngomgaqo kufuneka zikwazi ukuhamba iiyure ezi-3 phakathi kokondliwa. Ngexesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza, banokutya rhoqo.

Awudingi ukunika umntwana umntwana amanzi. Ngapha koko, kunokuba yingozi. Usana olusela ngokwaneleyo luya kuvelisa i-diapers ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8 ezimanzi kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24. Ukufundisa usana ukuncancisa i-pacifier okanye ubhontsi wabo kunika intuthuzelo phakathi kokondliwa.

UKHUSELEKO

Ukhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu kwiintsana. Amanyathelo okhuseleko olusisiseko kwinqanaba lokukhula komntwana. Umzekelo, xa ujikeleze iinyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6, usana lungaqala ukuqengqeleka. Ke ngoko, lumka kakhulu ngelixa usana lusetafileni yokutshintsha.

Cinga ngala macebiso abalulekileyo okhuseleko:

• Qaphela iityhefu (izicoci zasekhaya, izinto zokuthambisa, amayeza, kunye nezinye izityalo) ekhayeni lakho kwaye uzigcine kude nosana lwakho. Sebenzisa ii-latches zokukhusela i-drawer kunye nekhabhathi. Thumela inombolo yokulawulwa kwetyhefu yesizwe - 1-800-222-1222 - kufutshane nefowuni.
• SUKUZIVUMELE iintsana ezindala zikhase okanye zihambe ekhitshini ngelixa abantu abadala okanye abantwana bakowenu abadala bepheka. Vimba ikhitshi ngesango okanye ubeke usana kwindawo yokudlala, isitulo esiphakamileyo, okanye isitya ngelixa abanye bepheka.
• Musa ukusela okanye uphathe nantoni na eshushu ngelixa ubambe usana ukuthintela ukutsha. Iintsana ziqala ziwangawangisa iingalo zazo kwaye zithathe izinto kwiinyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5.
• SUKUSIZA usana lodwa kunye nabantakwenu okanye izilwanyana zasekhaya. Nabantakwenu abadala kunoko banokungakulungeli ukuphatha imeko engxamisekileyo ukuba iyenzeka. Izilwanyana zasekhaya, nangona zisenokubonakala ngathi zithambile kwaye zinothando, zisenokusabela ngokungalindelekanga kwisikhalo sosana okanye ekubanjweni, okanye lusenokuluginya usana ngokuxoka ngokusondeleyo.
• SUKUYEKA usana lodwa kumphezulu apho umntwana anokuhamba-hamba khona okanye aqengqe aze awe.
• Kwiinyanga ezi-5 zokuqala zobomi, soloko ubeka usana lwakho emqolo ukuze lilale. Esi sikhundla sibonisiwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo sokufa kweentsana ngesiquphe (SIDS). Nje ukuba usana luziqengqele lodwa, inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ekhulayo iyawunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko we-SIDS.
• Yazi indlela yokujongana nongxamiseko olukrwitshayo elusaneni ngokuthatha ikhosi eqinisekisiweyo yiAmerican Heart Association, iAmerican Red Cross, okanye isibhedlele sendawo.
• Ungaze ushiye izinto ezincinci apho usana lunokufikelela khona, iintsana zihlola imeko yazo ngokubeka yonke into ezinokufikelela kuyo emlonyeni.
• Beka usana lwakho kwisihlalo esifanelekileyo semoto yonke ukukhwela imoto, nokuba umgama mfutshane kangakanani. Sebenzisa isihlalo semoto esijonge ngasemva de usana lube nonyaka omnye ubuncinci kwaye lubunzima beekhilogremu ezingama-20, okanye ngaphezulu ukuba kunokwenzeka. Emva koko unokutshintsha ngokukhuselekileyo kwisitulo esijongise phambili esijongile. Indawo ekhuselekileyo yesitulo semoto sentsana iphakathi kwesihlalo sangasemva. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umqhubi aqwalasele ukuqhuba, angadlali nosana. Ukuba ufuna ukutyekela elusaneni, yitsale ngokukhuselekileyo imoto egxalabeni uze upake ngaphambi kokuzama ukunceda umntwana.
• Sebenzisa amasango kwizinyuko, kwaye uvale amagumbi "angengobungqina bomntwana." Khumbula, iintsana zinokufunda ukukhasa okanye ukukroba kwangoko kwiinyanga ezintandathu.

Biza umnikezeli wakho wokukhathalela impilo ukuba:

• Usana alukhangeleki lukhangeleka lulungile, alukhangeki luhlukile kunesiqhelo, okanye alunakuthuthuzelwa ngokubamba, ukugungqisa okanye ngokuganga.
• Ukukhula kosana okanye ukukhula akubonakali kuyinto eqhelekileyo.
• Usana lwakho lubonakala ngathi "luphulukana" namanqanaba okukhula. Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana wakho oneenyanga ezili-9 ukwazile ukutsala ukuba ume, kodwa kwiinyanga ezili-12 awusakwazi ukuhlala ungaxhaswanga.
• Uyakhathazeka nanini na.

• Ukhakhayi losana olusandul 'ukuzalwa
• Ingqondo yomntwana
• Amanqanaba ophuhliso
• UMoro Reflex

I-Onigbanjo MT, uFiigelman S. Unyaka wokuqala. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.

UOlsson JM. Usana olusandul 'ukuzalwa. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: Isahluko 21.