Utshintsho kusana xa luzalwa

Utshintsho kusana olusandul 'ukuzalwa lubhekisa kutshintsho olwenzeka emzimbeni wosana ukuze luqhelane nobomi ngaphandle kwesibeleko.

AMAPHUZA, INTLIZIYO, NEENKONZO ZEGAZI

I-placenta kanina inceda umntwana "aphefumle" ngelixa ekhula esibelekweni. Ioksijini kunye nekhabhon diokside zihamba ngegazi kwi-placenta. Uninzi lwayo luya entliziyweni kwaye luhamba emzimbeni womntwana.

Ekuzalweni, imiphunga yomntwana igcwele ulwelo. Abathanjiswanga. Usana luthatha umoya wokuqala kwimizuzwana eli-10 emva kokubeleka. Lo moya uvakala ngathi uphefumla, njengoko inkqubo yeentsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa isabela kutshintsho lwequbuliso kubushushu nakwimo engqongileyo.

Nje ukuba usana luphefumle okokuqala, kwenzeka utshintsho oluninzi kwimiphunga yosana nakwinkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi:

• Ukonyusa ioksijini emiphungeni kubangela ukwehla kokumelana nokuhamba kwegazi emiphungeni.
• Ukuhamba kwegazi ukumelana nemithambo yegazi yosana nako kuyanda.
• Amanzi aphuma emanzini okanye afunxwe kwinkqubo yokuphefumla.
• Imiphunga iyaphuphuma kwaye iqale ukusebenza yodwa, ihambisa ioksijini kwigazi kwaye isuse ikharbon diokside ngokuphefumla (umoya).

UKUSHISELA UMZIMBA WOMZIMBA

Usana olusakhulayo luvelisa ubushushu obuphindaphindwe kabini kunabantu abadala. Inani elincinci lobushushu lisuswe ngesikhumba somntwana okhulayo, i-amniotic fluid, kunye nodonga lwesibeleko.

Emva kokubeleka, umntwana osanda kuzalwa uqala ukuphulukana nobushushu. Abamkeli ulusu lomntwana bathumela imiyalezo kwingqondo yokuba umzimba womntwana uyabanda. Umzimba womntwana udala ubushushu ngokutshisa ivenkile ezinamafutha ansundu, uhlobo lwamafutha afunyanwa kuphela kwimveku nakwimveku. Iintsana azifane zibonwe zingcangcazela.

LIVER

Emntwaneni, isibindi sisebenza njengendawo yokugcina iswekile (glycogen) kunye nentsimbi. Xa umntwana ezalwa, isibindi sinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo:

• Ivelisa izinto ezinceda igazi ukuba lijiye.
• Iqala ukophula iimveliso zenkunkuma ezinje ngeeseli ezibomvu zegazi.
• Ivelisa iprotein encedisa ukuphula i-bilirubin. Ukuba umzimba womntwana awuphuli ngokufanelekileyo i-bilirubin, kunokukhokelela kwi-jaundice esanda kuzalwa.

UTHUTHO LWE-GASTROINTESTINAL

Inkqubo yesisu somntwana ayisebenzi ngokupheleleyo de emva kokuzalwa.

Emva kwexesha lokukhulelwa, umntwana uvelisa inkunkuma ehleli eluhlaza okanye inkunkuma emnyama ebizwa ngokuba yi-meconium. I-Meconium ligama lonyango kwizitulo zokuqala zosana olusandul 'ukuzalwa. I-Meconium yenziwe nge-amniotic fluid, i-mucus, i-lanugo (iinwele ezintle ezigubungela umzimba wosana), i-bile, kunye neeseli ezichithwe kulusu nakwindlela yamathumbu. Ngamanye amaxesha, usana ludlula ilindle (meconium) ngelixa lisesibelekweni.

INKQUBO YOKUCHAMA

Izintso zomntwana ezikhulayo ziqala ukuvelisa umchamo kwiiveki ezili-9 ukuya kwezi-12 zokukhulelwa. Emva kokuzalwa, umntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa uhlala echama kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuqala zobomi. Izintso ziyakwazi ukugcina ulungelelwaniso lomzimba kunye ne-electrolyte.

Izinga lokuhluza kwegazi ngezintso (inqanaba lokuhluza i-glomerular) lonyuka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa nakwiiveki ezimbini zokuqala zobomi. Okwangoku, kuthatha ixesha ukuba izintso ziphakame ngokukhawuleza. Iintsana zinamandla amancinci okususa ityuwa egqithileyo (isodiyam) okanye ukugxila okanye ukungxenga umchamo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala. Olu buchule luphucula ngokuhamba kwexesha.

INKQUBO YOMZIMBA

Amajoni omzimba aqala ukukhula emntwaneni, kwaye aqhubeke nokukhula ngeminyaka yokuqala yobomi yomntwana. Isibeleko yindawo engenabungozi noko. Kodwa kamsinya nje emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe, bavezwa kwiintlobo zebacteria kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela izifo. Nangona abantwana abasandul 'ukuzalwa besesichengeni sokosuleleka, amajoni abo omzimba anokusabela kwizinto eziphilayo.

Iintsana zithwala ii-antibodies ezivela kunina, ezikhusela kusulelo. Ukuncancisa kuyanceda ukuphucula amajoni omntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa.

ULusu

Ulusu olusanda kuzalwa luya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeka kubude bokukhulelwa. Iintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kwexesha zinesikhumba esibhityileyo nesikhanyayo. Ulusu lwexesha elipheleleyo lomntwana lukhulu.

Iimpawu zolusu olusanda kuzalwa:

• Izinwele ezintle ezibizwa ngokuba yi-lanugo zinokugubungela ulusu losana olusandul 'ukuzalwa, ngakumbi kwiintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kwexesha. Izinwele kufuneka zinyamalale kwiiveki zokuqala ezimbalwa zobomi bosana.
• Into ejiyileyo, enencindi ebizwa ngokuba yvernix inokugubungela ulusu. Le nto ikhusela umntwana ngelixa edada kwi-amniotic fluid esibelekweni. I-Vernix kufuneka ihlambe ngexesha lokuhlambela kokuqala kosana.
• Ulusu lunokuba luqhekeka, lucwecwe okanye lube blotchy, kodwa oku kufanele kuphuculwe ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukuzalwa - utshintsho kusana olusanda kuzalwa

• Meconium

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Uvavanyo lukamama, olungekazalwa olungekazalwa, kunye nosana olusandul 'ukuzalwa. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ii-eds. UNelson oBalulekileyo kwiPediatrics. Ngomhla we-8. Elsevier; I-2019: isahluko 58.

UOlsson JM. Usana olusandul 'ukuzalwa. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: Isahluko 21.

IRozance PJ, iWright CJ. Umntwana osemtsha. Ku: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, ii-eds. Ii-Obstetrics zikaGabbe: Ukukhulelwa okuqhelekileyo kunye neengxaki. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: isahluko 23.