Ityhefu yelothe

Ilothe yityhefu eyomeleleyo. Xa umntu eginya into enelothe okanye ephefumla uthuli lwelothe, enye ityhefu inokuhlala emzimbeni kwaye ibangele iingxaki zempilo.

Eli nqaku lelolwazi kuphela. SUKUYISETYENZISE ukunyanga okanye ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kwetyhefu uqobo. Ukuba wena okanye umntu onaye une-exposure, fowunela inombolo yakho yongxamiseko yendawo (enje nge-911), okanye iziko lakho lendawo yetyhefu linokufikelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokutsalela umnxeba kwinombolo yasimahla yoNcedo lweTyhefu (1-800-222-1222) naphi na eUnited States.

Ilothe yayiqhelekile kakhulu kwipetroli nakwipeyinti yendlu eMelika. Kubantwana, ukubonakaliswa kokukhokelela kuhlala kwenzeka ngokungenisa. Abantwana abahlala ezidolophini ezinezindlu ezindala kunokwenzeka ukuba banamazinga aphezulu ekhokelo. EUnited States, kuqikelelwa ukuba isiqingatha sesigidi sabantwana abaneminyaka esi-1 ukuya kwesi-5 banamanqanaba angalunganga kwilothe egazini labo. Kubantu abadala, ukubonakaliswa kokukhokelela kuhlala kuhlala kungenxa yokuphefumla kwindawo yokusebenza.

Abaphambukeli kunye neembacu abantwana basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana ityhefu yelothe kunaleyo yabantwana abazelwe e-United States ngenxa yokutya kunye nezinye iingozi zokuvezwa ngaphambi kokufika e-United States.

Nangona ipetroli kunye nepeyinti zingasenzi zenziwe ngelothe kuzo, ilothe iseyingxaki yezempilo. Ikhokele kuyo yonke indawo, kubandakanya ukungcola, uthuli, iithoyi ezintsha kunye nepeyinti yendlu endala. Ngelishwa, awukwazi ukubona, ukungcamla, okanye ukuvumba ilothe.

Kwi-2014, imibutho yezempilo iqikelele ukuba phantse ikota yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela banamanqanaba egazi anetyhefu (anetyhefu).

Umkhokeli ufumaneka kwi:

• Izindlu zipeyintwe ngaphambi kowe-1978. Nokuba ipeyinti ayixobanga, isenokuba yingxaki. Ipeyinti yelothe iyingozi kakhulu xa ikhululwayo okanye isanti. Ezi ntshukumo zikhupha uthuli olukhokelayo emoyeni. Iintsana nabantwana abahlala kwizindlu zangaphambi kowe-1960 (xa ipeyinti yayihlala inelothe) banomngcipheko ophezulu wetyhefu yelothe. Abantwana abancinci bahlala beginya iichips okanye uthuli kwipeyinti esekwe kwilothe.
• Izinto zokudlala kunye nefenitshala epeyintiweyo ngaphambi kowe-1976.
• Izinto zokudlala ezenziwe ngepeyinti kunye nemihombiso eyenziwe ngaphandle kweMelika
• Iibhola eziphambili, iisinki zokuloba, ubunzima bamakhethini.
• Imibhobho yamanzi, imibhobho nemibhobho yamanzi. Ilothe inokufumaneka emanzini okusela kumakhaya aqukethe imibhobho edityaniswe ne-lead solder. Nangona iikhowudi ezintsha zokwakha zifuna i-solder engenasiphelo, ilothe isafumaneka kwezinye iipompo zale mihla.
• Umhlaba ungcoliswe ngamashumi eminyaka yokuphela kweemoto okanye iminyaka yepeyinti yendlu. Ilothe ixhaphake kakhulu emhlabeni kufutshane nohola wendlela kunye nezindlu.
• Izinto zokuzilibazisa ezibandakanya ukuhambisa, iiglasi ezinamabala, ukwenza ubucwebe, ukubumba ubumba, kunye namanani amancinci akhokelayo (uhlala ujonga iilebheli).
• Iiseti zepeyinti zabantwana kunye nezinto zobugcisa (jonga njalo iilebheli).
• I-Pewter, iglasi, i-ceramic okanye i-pitcher yodongwe kunye ne-dinnerware.
• Iibhetri ze-lead-acid, ezinjengezo zisetyenziswa kwiinjini zeemoto.

Abantwana bafumana ilothe emizimbeni yabo xa befaka izinto ezikhokelayo emilonyeni yabo, ngakumbi ukuba bayaziginya ezo zinto. Banokufumana ityhefu yelothe kwiminwe yabo ekuchukumiseni into enothuli okanye yokuxobuka, kwaye emva koko bafake iminwe yabo emilonyeni yabo okanye batye ukutya emva koko. Nabantwana banokuphefumla ngexabiso elincinci lelothe.

Zininzi iimpawu ezinokubakho zetyhefu yelothe. Ilothe inokuchaphazela amalungu amaninzi omzimba. Idosi enye ephezulu yokukhokela inokubangela iimpawu ezingxamisekileyo ezingxamisekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kuqhelekile ukuba ityhefu yelothe ikhule kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kwenzeka ukusuka ekubonisweni okuphindaphindiweyo kumanani amancinci ekhokelo. Kule meko, akunakubakho naziphi na iimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwanamanqanaba asezantsi okuvezwa kwelothe anokulimaza ukukhula kwengqondo komntwana. Iingxaki zempilo ziya zisiba mbi njengoko inqanaba lelothe egazini lisenyuka.

Ilothe iyingozi kakhulu ebantwaneni kunabantu abadala kuba inokuchaphazela ukukhula kwemithambo-luvo kunye neengqondo zabantwana. Umncinci umntwana, ilothe eyingozi ngakumbi kunokuba njalo. Abantwana abangekazalwa ngabona basesichengeni.

Iingxaki ezinokubakho zibandakanya:

• Iingxaki zokuziphatha okanye zokujonga
• Ukungaphumeleli esikolweni
• Iingxaki zokuva
• Umonakalo wezintso
• Ukuncitshiswa kwe-IQ
• Ukukhula kancinci komzimba

Iimpawu zetyhefu ekhokelayo zinokubandakanya:

• Iintlungu zesisu kunye necramping (ihlala iluphawu lokuqala lwethamo elinetyhefu ephezulu)
• Ukuziphatha gwenxa
• I-anemia (ubalo lweeseli ezibomvu ezisezantsi)
• Ukuqunjelwa
• Kunzima ukukhulelwa
• Kunzima ukulala
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Ukuphulukana nokuva
• Ukucaphuka
• Ukuphulukana nezakhono zangaphambili zophuhliso (kubantwana abancinci)
• Ukutya okuphantsi kunye namandla
• Ukuncipha kweemvakalelo

Amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu ekhokelo anokubangela ukugabha, ukopha ngaphakathi, ukuhamba okumangazayo, ubuthathaka bemisipha, ukuxhuzula, okanye isiqaqa.

Unokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kokukhokela ngala manyathelo alandelayo:

• Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba kungakho ipeyinti ekhokelayo endlwini yakho, fumana ingcebiso malunga nokususwa okukhuselekileyo kwiZiko loLwazi leNkokheli kuZwelonke - www.epa.gov/lead apha (800) 424-5323
• Gcina ikhaya lakho lingenathuli ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Wonke umntu makahlambe izandla zakhe phambi kokuba atye.
• Phosa iithoyi ezindala ezipeyintiweyo ukuba awazi ukuba ipeyinti iqulethe ilothe.
• Vumela amanzi empompo abaleke umzuzu ngaphambi kokusela okanye ukupheka ngawo.
• Ukuba amanzi akho avavanye phezulu kwilothe, cinga ukufaka isixhobo sokucoca esisebenzayo okanye utshintshele emanzini asebhotileni ukuze usele kwaye upheke.
• Gwema izinto ezinamathanga ezivela kumazwe angaphandle kude kuthintelwe ukusebenza kweenqanawa ezithengisiweyo.
• Ukuba izikhongozeli zewayini ezingenisiwe zinefilili esongwayo, sula irim kunye nentamo yebhotile ngetawuli emanzi enejusi yelamuni, iviniga, okanye iwayini ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
• SUKUGCINA iwayini, imimoya, okanye iviniga esekwe kwisaladi yokuhombisa kwii-crystal decanters ixesha elide, kuba ilothe inokungena kulwelo.

Nika olu lwazi lulandelayo kuncedo olungxamisekileyo:

• Ubudala bomntu, ubunzima, kunye nemeko
• Igama lemveliso okanye into ocinga ukuba ibikhokele kuyo
• Umhla / ixesha lokukhokela laliginyiwe okanye langeniswa
• Isixa esiginyiweyo okanye sokurhoxa

Nangona kunjalo, SUKULIBAZA ukucela uncedo ukuba olu lwazi alufumaneki ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuba umntu uneempawu ezinzima ezivela ekuvezeni (njengokugabha okanye ukuxhuzula) tsalela u-911 kwangoko.

Ngezinye iimpawu ocinga ukuba zinokubangelwa yityhefu ekhokelayo, tsalela iziko lakho lolawulo lwetyhefu.

Iziko lakho lokulawula ityhefu lingafikelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokutsalela umnxeba wenombolo yasimahla yasimahla kuTyhefu (1-800-222-1222) naphi na e-United States. Le nombolo yesizwe iya kukuvumela ukuba uthethe neengcali kwiityhefu. Baza kukunika eminye imiyalelo.

Le yinkonzo yasimahla neyimfihlo. Onke amaziko olawulo lwetyhefu aseMelika asebenzisa le nombolo yesizwe. Kuya kufuneka ubize ukuba unemibuzo malunga netyhefu okanye ukuthintela ityhefu. AKUFUNI ukuba ibe yingxakeko. Ungatsalela umnxeba nangasiphi na isizathu, iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisi-7 ngeveki.

Ngaphandle kweemeko ezinzima apho umntu evezwe kwidosi ephezulu yokukhokela, uhambo oluya kwigumbi likaxakeka alunyanzelekanga. Nxibelelana nomboneleli wakho wezempilo okanye isebe lempilo yoluntu ukuba ukrokrela ukuba kwinqanaba eliphantsi lokuvezwa.

Uvavanyo lokukhokelela kwegazi lunokunceda ekuboneni ukuba ikhona ingxaki. Ngaphezulu kwe-10 mcg / dL (0.48 µmol / L) yinkxalabo ethile. Amanqanaba phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-10 mcg / dL (0.10 kunye ne-0.48 µmol / L) kufuneka kuxoxwe nogqirha wakho. Kwimimandla emininzi, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuyacetyiswa kubantwana abancinci abasemngciphekweni.

Olunye uvavanyo lwelebhu lunokubandakanya:

• Umongo wethambo (isampulu yomongo wethambo)
• Gcwalisa ukubalwa kwegazi (i-CBC) kunye nokujiya (ukubanako kwegazi ekunqandeni) kwizifundo
• I-Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (uhlobo lweprotheyini / ikhompawundi ekhokelayo kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi) amanqanaba
• Inqanaba lokukhokela
• IX-reyi yamathambo amade kunye nesisu

Kubantwana abanamaqondo egazi okukhokela aphezulu ngokuphakathi, chonga yonke imithombo ephambili yokuvezwa kwelothe kwaye ugcine umntwana ekude nabo. Ukuvavanywa kwegazi olulandelayo kunokufuneka.

Unyango lwe-Chelation (iikhompawundi ezibopha ukukhokelela) yinkqubo enokususa amanqanaba aphezulu ekhokelo akhele emzimbeni womntu ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Kwiimeko apho umntu athe watya idosi ephezulu yetyhefu ngexesha elifutshane, unyango olulandelayo lunokwenziwa:

• Ukunkcenkceshela isisu (ukukhupha ngaphandle) ngesisombululo se-polyethylene glycol
• Ukuhlamba isisu (ukuhlamba isisu)

Abantu abadala abanamanqanaba aphezulu aphezulu akhokelayo bahlala befumana ngaphandle kweengxaki. Kubantwana, kwanobulali obunobumba obunobuthi bunokuba nefuthe elisisigxina ekuqwalaselweni nakwi-IQ.

Abantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu akhokelayo banomngcipheko omkhulu weengxaki zempilo ezingapheliyo. Kufuneka zilandelwe ngononophelo.

Imithambo kunye nezihlunu zazo zinokuchaphazeleka kakhulu kwaye azisakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle njengoko kufanelekile. Ezinye iinkqubo zomzimba zinokwenzakala kumanqanaba awahlukeneyo, njengezintso kunye nemithambo yegazi. Abantu abasindayo amanqanaba akhokelela kwityhefu banokuba nomonakalo wobuchopho ngokusisigxina. Abantwana basengozini enkulu kwiingxaki zexesha elide.

Ukuchacha okupheleleyo kwityhefu engapheliyo kukhokelela kwiinyanga ukuya kwiminyaka.

Utywini

Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo lwewebhusayithi. Khokela. www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/default.htm. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-18 ngo-Okthobha i-2018. Ifikeleleke ngoJanuwari 11, 2019.

UMarkowitz M. Ityhefu yelothe. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahl 739.

UTheobald JL, uMycyk MB. Intsimbi kunye nezinyithi ezinzima. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 151.