Uvavanyo lwamehlo oluqhelekileyo

Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwamehlo luthotho lweemvavanyo ezenziweyo ukujonga umbono wakho kunye nempilo yamehlo akho.

Kuqala, uya kubuzwa ukuba unengxaki yamehlo okanye umbono. Uya kucelwa ukuba uchaze ezi ngxaki, unexesha elingakanani unazo, kunye nazo naziphi na izinto ezizenze ngcono okanye zambi.

Imbali yakho yeiglasi okanye iilensi zonxibelelwano ziya kuphononongwa. Ugqirha wamehlo uya kuthi emva koko abuze ngempilo yakho iyonke, kubandakanya nawaphi na amayeza owathathayo kunye nembali yonyango yosapho lwakho.

Okulandelayo, ugqirha uya kujonga umbono wakho (ukubonwa kakuhle) usebenzisa itshathi yeSnellen.

• Uya kucelwa ukuba ufunde iileta ezingacwangciswanga eziba ngumgca omncinci ngomgca njengoko amehlo akho esihla ezantsi kwitshathi. Ezinye iitshathi zeSnellen ngokwenyani zibavavanyi bevidiyo ezibonisa iileta okanye imifanekiso.
• Ukubona ukuba ufuna iiglasi, ugqirha uza kubeka iilensi ezininzi phambi kwamehlo akho, ibe nye ngexesha, kwaye akubuze ukuba oonobumba abakwitshathi yeSnellen baba lula nini ukubona. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuphikisa.

Amanye amalungu oviwo abandakanya iimvavanyo:

• Jonga ukuba unombono ofanelekileyo onemilinganiselo emithathu (i-3D) (stereopsis).
• Jonga umbono wakho osecaleni (kwipheripherali).
• Jonga izihlunu zamehlo ngokukucela ukuba ujonge kumacala ahlukeneyo ekukhanyeni okanye kwenye into encinci.
• Vavanya abafundi ngokukhanya kwepenile ukuze ubone ukuba bayaphendula (banqande) ngokufanelekileyo ekukhanyeni.
• Rhoqo, uya kunikwa amathontsi wamehlo ukuvula (ukunciphisa) abafundi bakho. Oku kuvumela ugqirha ukuba asebenzise isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-ophthalmoscope ukujonga izakhiwo ngasemva kweliso. Le ndawo ibizwa ngokuba yingxowa-mali. Iquka i-retina kunye nemithambo yegazi ekufuphi kunye ne-optic nerve.

Esinye isixhobo sokukhulisa, esibizwa ngokuba sisibane esisikwe, sisetyenziselwa:

• Jonga iindawo zangaphambili zeso (iinkophe, i-cornea, i-conjunctiva, i-sclera kunye ne-iris)
• Jonga ukwanda koxinzelelo kwiso (glaucoma) usebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-tonometry

Umbala wobumfama uvavanywa kusetyenziswa amakhadi anamachaphaza anemibala enza amanani.

Yenza idinga nogqirha wamehlo (abanye bathatha ukuhamba-kwizigulana). Thintela uxinzelelo lwamehlo ngomhla wovavanyo. Ukuba unxibe iiglasi okanye unxibelelana nabo, uze nazo. Unokufuna umntu oza kukuqhubela ekhaya ukuba ugqirha usebenzisa amathontsi wamehlo ukunciphisa abafundi bakho.

Uvavanyo alubangeli zintlungu okanye ukungonwabi.

Bonke abantwana kufuneka babenombono wokuhlola kugqirha wabantwana okanye kwiofisi yengcali yosapho malunga nexesha lokufunda kwabo oonobumba, kwaye emva kweminyaka eyi-1 ukuya kwemi-2 emva koko. Uvavanyo kufuneka luqale kwangoko ukuba kukho iingxaki zamehlo ezikrokrelwayo.

Phakathi kweminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-39:

• Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwamehlo kufuneka lwenziwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10
• Abantu abadala abanxiba iilensi zonxibelelwano bafuna iimviwo zamehlo zonyaka
• Iimpawu ezithile zamehlo okanye ukuphazamiseka kunokufuna iimviwo rhoqo

Abantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 abangenayo ingozi okanye iimeko eziqhubekayo zamehlo kufuneka zihlolwe:

• Yonke iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-4 yabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-40 ukuya kwengama-54
• Yonke iminyaka eyi-1 ukuya kwe-3 yabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-55 ukuya kuma-64
• Yonke iminyaka eyi-1 ukuya kwe-2 yabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu

Kuxhomekeka kubungozi bezifo zamehlo kunye neempawu zakho zangoku okanye ukugula, ugqirha wamehlo unokucebisa ukuba ubeneemviwo rhoqo.

Iingxaki zamehlo kunye nezonyango ezinokufumaneka kuvavanyo lwamehlo oluqhelekileyo zibandakanya:

• Ifu yelensi yeliso (cataract)
• Seswekile
• Iglaucoma
• Igazi elonyukayo
• Ukuphulukana nombono obukhali, ophakathi (ukonakala okuhambelana nobudala, okanye i-ARMD)

Iziphumo zovavanyo lwamehlo oluqhelekileyo ziqhelekileyo xa ugqirha wamehlo efumanisa ukuba unayo:

• 20/20 (yesiqhelo) umbono
• Amandla okuchonga imibala eyahlukeneyo
• Indawo ebonakalayo epheleleyo
• Ukulungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kwemisipha yamehlo
• Uxinzelelo lwamehlo oluqhelekileyo
• Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zamehlo (i-cornea, iris, lens)

Iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga zinokubangelwa zezi zinto zilandelayo:

• I-ARMD
• I-Astigmatism (i-cornea egobileyo engaqhelekanga)
• Umbhobho weenyembezi othintelweyo
• Iimpawu
• Umbala wobumfama
• I-corneal dystrophy
• Izilonda ze-Corneal, izifo, okanye ukulimala
• Imithambo eyonakalisiweyo okanye imithambo yegazi esweni
• Umonakalo onxulumene neswekile kwiso (isifo seswekile)
• Hyperopia (ukubona kude)
• Iglaucoma
• Ukwenzakala kweliso
• Iliso elinobuvila (amblyopia)
• I-Myopia (ukubona kufutshane)
• I-Presbyopia (ukungakwazi ukugxila kwizinto ezikufutshane ezikhula kunye nobudala)
• I-Strabismus (amehlo aweleyo)
• Ukulila okanye ukudlula

Olu luhlu alunakubandakanya zonke izizathu ezinokubangela iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga.

Ukuba ufumana amathontsi ukuze unciphise amehlo akho kwi-ophthalmoscopy, umbono wakho uya kufiphala.

• Nxiba iiglasi zelanga ukukhusela amehlo akho elangeni, anokonakalisa amehlo akho ngakumbi xa exubekile.
• Yiba nomntu okuqhubela ekhaya.
• Amaconsi ahlala ephela kwiiyure ezininzi.

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ukubonwa kwamehlo kubangela:

• Ukuhlaselwa kweglaucoma emxinwa
• Ukuba nesiyezi
• Ukoma komlomo
• Ukuhluza
• Isicaphucaphu nokugabha

Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwamehlo; Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo rhoqo; Uvavanyo lwamehlo - oluqhelekileyo; Uvavanyo lwamehlo lonyaka

• Uvavanyo lwe-acuity ebonakalayo
• Uvavanyo lwentsimi ebonakalayo

Ibhola i-JW, iDain JE, uFlynn JA, uSolomon BS, uStewart RW. Amehlo. Ku: Ibhola i-JW, iDain JE, uFlynn JA, uSolomon BS, uStewart RW, ii-eds. Isikhokelo sikaSeidel kuViwo loMzimba. Ngomhla we-8. ISt Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2015: isahluko 11.

UFeder RS, u-Olsen TW, uPrum BE uJr, et al. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lokujonga iliso kubantu abadala luthanda izikhokelo zepatheni yokwenza. Ophthalmology. Ngo-2016; 123 (1): 209-236. IINKCUKACHA: 26581558 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26581558.

IProkopich CL, iHrynchak P, i-Elliott DB, iFlanagan JG. Uvavanyo lwezempilo lwe-Ocular. Ku: Elliott DB, ed. Iinkqubo zonyango kwiklinikhi yonyango lokuqala. Ngomhla we-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: isahluko 7.