Ukuvavanywa nokuchongwa kwe-HIV

Ngokubanzi, ukuvavanyelwa intsholongwane kaGawulayo (HIV) yinkqubo yamanyathelo amabini ebandakanya uvavanyo lokuvavanywa kunye novavanyo lokulandela.

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV lunokwenziwa ngu:

• Ukutsala igazi emthanjeni
• Isampuli yegazi yokuhlaba ngomnwe
• I-swab yomlomo yomlomo
• Isampuli yomchamo

UKUHLOLA IIMVAVANYO

Olu luvavanyo olukhangela ukuba awosulelwanga yi-HIV. Ezona mvavanyo ziqhelekileyo zichazwe apha ngezantsi.

Uvavanyo lwe-antibody (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-immunoassay) lokukhangela ii-antibodies kwintsholongwane ye-HIV. Umboneleli wakho wokhathalelo lwempilo unokuyalela ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo kwilebhu. Okanye, usenokuba uyenzile kwiziko lovavanyo okanye usebenzise ikiti yasekhaya. Olu vavanyo lunokufumanisa ii-antibodies eziqala kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane. Uvavanyo lwe-Antibody lunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa:

• Igazi-Olu vavanyo lwenziwa ngokutsala igazi emthanjeni, okanye ngomnwe. Uvavanyo lwegazi lolona luchanekileyo kuba igazi linamanqanaba aphezulu ee-antibodies kunamanye amanzi omzimba.
• Amanzi omlomo - Olu vavanyo lujonga ii-antibodies ezikwiiseli zomlomo. Yenziwa ngoku swabing iintsini kunye nezidlele zangaphakathi. Olu vavanyo aluchanekanga ncam kunoluvavanyo lwegazi.
• Umchamo - Olu vavanyo lujonga ii-antibodies kumchamo. Olu vavanyo aluchanekanga kangako kunoluvavanyo lwegazi.

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen lujonga igazi lakho kwi-antigen ye-HIV, ebizwa ngokuba yi-p24. Xa uqala ukosulelwa yi-HIV, kwaye phambi kokuba umzimba wakho ube nethuba lokwenza ii-antibodies zentsholongwane, igazi lakho linenqanaba eliphezulu le-p24. Uvavanyo lwe-p24 antigen luchanekile kwiintsuku ezili-11 ukuya kwinyanga e-1 emva kokosulelwa. Olu vavanyo alusetyenziswa lulodwa ukujonga usulelo lwe-HIV.

Uvavanyo lwe-anti-antigen-antigen yegazi lokujonga amanqanaba omabini ama-antibodies e-HIV kunye ne-p24 antigen. Olu vavanyo lunokuyifumana intsholongwane kwiveki ezintathu emva kokosuleleka.

IIMVAVANYO ZOKULANDELA

Uvavanyo olulandelayo lukwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lokuqinisekisa. Ihlala yenziwa xa uvavanyo lokuvavanywa luhle. Iindidi ezininzi zovavanyo zinokusetyenziselwa:

• Khangela intsholongwane uqobo
• Ukuchonga ii-antibodies ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kuvavanyo lokuhlola
• Xela umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zentsholongwane, i-HIV-1 kunye ne-HIV-2

Akukho lungiselelo luyimfuneko.

Xa uthatha isampulu yegazi, abanye abantu baziva iintlungu eziphakathi. Abanye baziva behlaba okanye behlaba kuphela. Emva koko, kunokubakho ukubetha okanye ukukrala kancinci. Oku kuya kuhamba kungekudala.

Akukho kuphazamiseka kuvavanyo lwe-swab ngomlomo okanye kuvavanyo lomchamo.

Ukuvavanywa kosulelo lwe-HIV kwenziwa ngezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanya:

• Abantu ababelana ngesondo
• Abantu abafuna ukuvavanywa
• Abantu abakumaqela asemngciphekweni omkhulu (amadoda abelana ngesondo namadoda, abasebenzisa iziyobisi ngenaliti kunye namaqabane abo ezesondo, kunye nabathengisi ngesondo)
• Abantu abaneemeko ezithile kunye nosulelo (njengeKaposi sarcoma okanye iPneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia)
• Abafazi abakhulelweyo, ukubanceda ukuthintela ukuba bangadluliseli intsholongwane emntwaneni

Iziphumo zovavanyo ezingalunganga ziqhelekile. Abantu abanosulelo lwe-HIV kwangoko banokuba neziphumo zovavanyo ezingalunganga.

Iziphumo ezincumisayo kuvavanyo lokuvavanywa aziqinisekisi ukuba umntu unentsholongwane kaGawulayo. Kufuneka iimvavanyo ezingaphezulu ukuqinisekisa usulelo lwe-HIV.

Iziphumo zovavanyo ezingezizo aziluthinteli usulelo lwe-HIV. Kukho ixesha, elibizwa ngokuba lixesha lefestile, phakathi kosulelo lwe-HIV kunye nokubonakala kwee-anti-HIV. Ngeli xesha, ii-antibodies kunye ne-antigen ayinakulinganiswa.

Ukuba umntu unokosulelwa yi-HIV etsolo okanye intsholongwane kwaye ukwelixesha lefestile, uvavanyo olungelulo lwe-HIV alukuthinteli ukusuleleka yi-HIV. Uvavanyo olulandelayo lwe-HIV luyafuneka.

Xa kuvavanywa igazi, imithambo kunye nemithambo iyahluka ngokobukhulu ukusuka kwisigulana ukuya kwesinye, nakwelinye icala lomzimba ukuya kwelinye. Ukuthatha igazi kwabanye abantu kunokuba nzima ngakumbi kunabanye. Eminye imingcipheko enxulumene nokutsalwa kwegazi incinci, kodwa inokubandakanya:

• Ukopha kakhulu
• Ukufa isiqaqa okanye ukuziva ungenantloko
• Ukugqobhoza okuninzi ukufumana imithambo
• I-Hematoma (igazi eliqokelela phantsi kwesikhumba)
• Usulelo (umngcipheko omncinci nangaliphi na ixesha ulusu lwaphukile)

Akukho bungozi ngokuvavanywa ngomlomo kunye novavanyo lomchamo.

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV; Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV; Uvavanyo lokuhlola i-HIV; Uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa nge-HIV

• Uvavanyo lwegazi

IBartlett JG, iRedfield RR, iPham PA. Iimvavanyo zaselebhu. Ku: Bartlett JG, Redfield RR, Pham PA, ii-eds. Ulawulo lwezoNyango lwe-HIV lwe-Bartlett. Ngomhla we-17. I-Oxford, iNgilani: IYunivesithi yaseOxford Press; I-2019: isahluko 2.

Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo lwewebhusayithi. Uvavanyo lwe-HIV. www.cdc.gov/hiv/guidelines/testing.html. Ukuhlaziywa ngo-Matshi 16, 2018. Kufikeleleke ngoMeyi 23, 2019.

UMoyer VA; Umsebenzi woKhuseleko kwi-US. Ukuvavanywa kwe-HIV: Ingxelo yengcebiso yamandla okhuseleko e-US. UAnn Intern Med. Ngo-2013; 159 (1): 51-60. IINKCUKACHA: 23698354 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23698354.