Utshintsho ekwaluphaleni kwimveliso yehomoni

Inkqubo ye-endocrine yenziwe ngamalungu kunye nezicubu ezivelisa iihomoni. IiHormone ziikhemikhali zendalo eziveliswa kwindawo enye, zikhutshelwa kwigazi, emva koko zisetyenziswe ngamanye amalungu ekujoliswe kuwo kunye neenkqubo.

IiHormone zilawula amalungu ekujoliswe kuwo. Ezinye iinkqubo zomzimba zineenkqubo zazo zolawulo lwangaphakathi kunye, okanye endaweni ye, iihomoni.

Njengoko sikhula, utshintsho ngokwendalo lwenzeka kwindlela yeenkqubo zomzimba ezilawulwa. Ezinye izicubu ekujoliswe kuzo ziba buthathaka kancinci kulawulo lwazo lwehomoni. Isixa samahomoni avelisiweyo sinokutshintsha.

Amanqanaba egazi ezinye iihormoni ayenyuka, ezinye ziyancipha, kwaye ezinye azitshintshi. IiHormone ziphinde zihlukaniswe (zihlaziye) kancinci kancinci.

Uninzi lwamalungu avelisa iihomoni alawulwa ngamanye amadlala. Ukwaluphala kuyayitshintsha le nkqubo. Umzekelo, izicwili ze-endocrine zinokuvelisa i-hormone engaphantsi kunaleyo yayisenziwa xa yayisencinci, okanye inokuvelisa isixa esifanayo kwinqanaba elincinci.

UTSHINTSHO OLUDALA

Ihypothalamus ibekwe kwingqondo. Ivelisa iihormoni ezilawula ezinye izakhiwo kwinkqubo ye-endocrine, kubandakanya incindi yebhinqa. Inani lezi hormone zilawulayo lihlala lifana, kodwa impendulo ngamalungu endocrine anokutshintsha njengoko sikhula.

Idlala lepituitary libekwe nje ngezantsi (kwimo yangaphandle) okanye kwi (posterior pituitary) kwingqondo. Eli dlala lifikelela kubungakanani obukhulu kubudala obuphakathi kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe lincinci. Inamacandelo amabini:

• Umva (ngasemva) indawo igcina iihomoni eziveliswe kwihypothalamus.
• Umphambili (ngaphambili) uvelisa iihomoni ezichaphazela ukukhula, idlala lengqula (i-TSH), i-adrenal cortex, ii-ovari, iimvavanyo kunye namabele.

Idlala lengqula lisentanyeni. Ivelisa iihormoni ezinceda ukulawula imetabolism. Ngokuguga, idlala lengqula linokuba neqhubu (nodular). I-Metabolism iyacotha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuqala kwiminyaka eyi-20 yobudala. Ngenxa yokuba iihomoni ze-thyroid ziveliswa kwaye zidilizwe (zidityaniswe) kwinqanaba elifanayo, iimvavanyo zomsebenzi we-thyroid zihlala ziqhelekileyo. Kwabanye abantu, amanqanaba ehomoni ye-thyroid anokunyuka, okukhokelela kumngcipheko wokufa osuka kwisifo sentliziyo.

Iingqungquthela ze-parathyroid ziyi-gland ezine ezincinci ezijikeleze i-thyroid. Ihomoni yeParathyroid ichaphazela amanqanaba e-calcium kunye ne-phosphate, echaphazela ukomelela kwethambo. Amanqanaba ehomoni yeParathyroid anyuka kunye nobudala, anokuthi abe negalelo kwi-osteoporosis.

I-insulin iveliswa yipancreas. Inceda iswekile (iswekile) ukusuka egazini iye ngaphakathi kwiiseli, apho inokusetyenziselwa amandla.

Umgangatho wokuzila ukutya kweswekile unyuka nge-6 ukuya kwi-14 yeemiligram nge-desilitha nganye (mg / dL) qho kwiminyaka eli-10 emva kweminyaka engama-50 yobudala njengoko iiseli ziye zingakhathali kwimiphumela ye-insulin. Xa inqanaba lifikelela kwi-126 mg / dL okanye ngaphezulu, umntu uthathwa ngokuba unesifo seswekile.

Amadlala adrenal abekwe ngaphezulu nje kwezintso. I-adrenal cortex, umaleko womphezulu, uvelisa iihomoni i-aldosterone, i-cortisol, kunye ne-dehydroepiandrosterone.

• I-Aldosterone ilawula ulungelelwaniso lwamanzi kunye ne-electrolyte.
• ICortisol yihomoni "yokuphendula ngoxinzelelo". Ichaphazela ukonakala kweswekile, iprotein, kunye namafutha, kwaye ineziphumo ezichasene nokuchasana kunye nokuchasana nokwaliwa.

Ukukhutshwa kweAldosterone kuyehla ngokuya kubudala. Oku kuncipha kunokuba negalelo kubukhaphukhaphu kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo lwegazi ngokutshintsha ngesiquphe (orthostatic hypotension). Ukukhutshwa kweCortisol kuyehla ngokuguga, kodwa inqanaba legazi lale hormone lihlala ngokufanayo. Amanqanaba eDehydroepiandrosterone nawo ayahla. Iziphumo zeli drop emzimbeni azicacanga.

Ii-ovari kunye novavanyo lunemisebenzi emibini. Bavelisa iiseli zokuzala (i-ova kunye nesidoda). Bavelisa iihormoni zesini ezilawula ezesibini iimpawu zesini, ezinje ngamabele kunye neenwele zobuso.

• Ngokuguga, amadoda ahlala eneqondo elisezantsi le testosterone.
• Abasetyhini banamanqanaba asezantsi e-estradiol kunye nezinye iihomoni ze-estrogen emva kokuyeka ukuya exesheni.

UMSEBENZI WOKUTSHINTSHA

Ngokubanzi, ezinye iihomoni ziyancipha, ezinye azitshintshi, kwaye ezinye ziyonyuka ngokweminyaka. IiHormone ezihlala zincipha zibandakanya:

• IAldosterone
• Calcitonin
• Ukukhula kwehomoni
• URenin

Kwabasetyhini, amanqanaba e-estrogen kunye neprolactin ahlala ehla kakhulu.

IiHormone ezihlala zihlala zingatshintshi okanye zinciphe nje kancinci zibandakanya:

• ICortisol
• Epinephrine
• I-insulin
• Idlala lengqula T3 kunye T4

Amanqanaba e-testosterone ahlala esihla ngokuthe chu njengamadoda amadala.

IiHormone ezinokunyuka zibandakanya:

• I-follicle evuselela i-hormone (FSH)
• Ihomoni yeLuteinizing (LH)
• Inorepinephrin
• Ihomoni yeParathyroid

IMIBA ENXULUMENE

• Utshintsho ekwaluphaleni kukhuseleko
• Utshintsho lokuguga kumalungu, izicubu kunye neeseli
• Utshintsho ekwaluphaleni kwinkqubo yokuzala yamadoda
• Ukuyeka ukuya exesheni

• Ukuyeka ukuya exesheni
• I-anatomy yokuzala yabasetyhini

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Brinton RD. I-Neuroendocrinology yokwaluphala. Ku: Gcwalisa i-HM, i-Rockwood K, i-Young J, ii-eds. Incwadi ka-Brocklehurst ye-Geriatric Medicine kunye neGerontology. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2017: isahluko 13.

Lobo RA. Ukuyeka ukuya exesheni nokwaluphala. Ku: Strauss JF, Barbieri RL, ii-eds. I-Yen & Jaffe ye-Endocrinology yokuzala. Ngomhla we-8. Elsevier; I-2019: isahluko 14.

UWalston JD. I-sequelae eqhelekileyo yeklinikhi yokuguga. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Ngomhla wama-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.