Umbhali: Janice Evans
Umhla Wokudalwa: 1 Eyekhala 2021
Hlaziya Umhla: 13 Eyomsintsi 2024
Anonim
Calcineurin Inhibitors (Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine) IL2 - Mechanism of action, adverse effects
Ividiyo: Calcineurin Inhibitors (Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine) IL2 - Mechanism of action, adverse effects

Umxholo

ICyclosporine iyafumaneka ngohlobo lwayo lwantlandlolo kunye nenye imveliso etshintshiweyo (etshintshiweyo) ukuze iyeza lifumane ngcono emzimbeni. I-cyclosporine yoqobo kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ifunxwe ngumzimba ngamanani ahlukeneyo, ke ayinakubekwa endaweni yomnye. Thatha kuphela uhlobo lwe-cyclosporine olwalumiselwe ngugqirha wakho. Xa ugqirha ekunika iyeza elibhaliweyo, jonga ukuba uqinisekile ukuba uluchazile uhlobo lwecyclosporine ekufuneka ulifumene. Ngalo lonke ixesha ugcwaliswa ngugqirha, jonga igama lophawu oluprintwe kwileyibhile yakho kagqirha ukuze uqiniseke ukuba ufumene uhlobo olunye lwecyclosporine. Thetha kumachiza wakho ukuba igama lophawu aluqhelekanga okanye awuqinisekanga ukuba ufumene uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwe-cyclosporine.

Ukuthatha i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokuba ube nosulelo okanye umhlaza, ngakumbi i-lymphoma (umhlaza wenxalenye yamajoni omzimba) okanye umhlaza wolusu. Lo mngcipheko unokuphakama ukuba uthatha i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (iguqulwe) kunye namanye amayeza anciphisa ukusebenza kwamajoni omzimba afana ne-azathioprine (Imuran), umhlaza chemotherapy, methotrexate (Rheumatrex), sirolimus (Rapamune), kunye ne-tacrolimus (Prograf) . Tshela ugqirha wakho ukuba uthatha na la mayeza, kwaye ukuba ukhe wanalo naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaza. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wolusu, cwangcisa ukuthintela ukukhanya kwelanga ngokungeyomfuneko kunye nokunxiba impahla ekhuselayo, iiglasi zelanga kunye nescreen elangeni ngexesha lonyango lwakho. Ukuba ufumana naziphi na kwezi mpawu zilandelayo, tsalela umnxeba kwangoko: umqala obuhlungu, umkhuhlane, ukugodola kunye nezinye iimpawu zosulelo; iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane; ukukhohlela; ubunzima bokuchama; iintlungu xa uchama; indawo ebomvu, ephakanyisiweyo, okanye edumbileyo kulusu; izilonda ezintsha okanye ukudumba kolusu; amaqhuma okanye ubunzima naphina emzimbeni wakho; ukubila ebusuku; amadlala adumbileyo entanyeni, emakhwapheni, okanye emhlubulweni; ingxaki yokuphefumla; iintlungu zesifuba; ubuthathaka okanye ukudinwa okungapheliyo; okanye iintlungu, ukudumba, okanye ukugcwala esiswini.


I-cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) inokubangela uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu kunye nokonakala kwezintso. Xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba ukhe wanalo uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu okanye isifo sezintso. Xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba uthatha nawaphi na amayeza alandelayo: amphotericin B (Amphotec, Fungizone); cimetidine (iTagamet); ciprofloxacin (Cipro); colchicine; fenofibrate (Antara, Lipophen, Tricor); gemfibrozil (iLopid); gentamicin; ketoconazole (Nizoral); melphalan (Alkeran); iziyobisi ezingezizo ezokulwa nokudumba ezifana ne-diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), kunye ne-sulindac (Clinoril); i-ranitidine (iZantac); itybramycin (Tobi); i-trimethoprim kunye ne-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra); kunye nevancomycin (Vancocin). Ukuba ufumana naziphi na kwezi mpawu zilandelayo, tsalela umnxeba kwangoko: isiyezi; ukudumba kweengalo, izandla, iinyawo, amaqatha okanye imilenze esezantsi; ukukhawuleza, ukuphefumla okungekho nzulu; isicaphucaphu; okanye ukubetha kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga.

Ukuba unayo i-psoriasis, xelela ugqirha wakho ngonyango lwe-psoriasis kunye namayeza owasebenzisayo okanye owasebenzisileyo ngaphambili. Umngcipheko wokuba uza kuba nomhlaza wolusu mkhulu ukuba wakhe waphathwa nge-PUVA (psoralen kunye ne-UVA; unyango lwe-psoriasis oludibanisa amayeza omlomo okanye asemacaleni nokuvezwa kukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet A); i-methotrexate (iRheumatrex) okanye amanye amayeza acinezela amajoni omzimba; I-UVB (ukubonakaliswa kukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet B ukunyanga i-psoriasis); itha yamalahle; okanye unyango lwemitha. Akufanele unyangwe nge-PUVA, i-UVB, okanye amayeza acinezela amajoni omzimba ngelixa uthatha i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ukunyanga i-psoriasis.


Gcina lonke ixesha lokudibana nogqirha wakho kunye nelabhoratri. Ugqirha wakho uya kuyalela iimvavanyo ezithile zebhu ukujonga impendulo yomzimba wakho kwi-cyclosporine okanye kwi-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo).

I-cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) zisetyenziswa namanye amayeza ukunqanda ukwala ukufakelwa (ukuhlaselwa kwelungu elifakelweyo ngamajoni omzimba womntu ofumene ilungu) kubantu abafumene izintso, isibindi kunye nentliziyo. ICyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ikwasetyenziswa yodwa okanye ngemethotrexate (Rheumatrex) ukunyanga iimpawu zesifo samathambo (isifo samathambo esibangelwe kukudumba kwethambo lamalungu) kwizigulana ezinempawu ezingakhange zikhululwe yimethotrexate yodwa. ICyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ikwasetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-psoriasis (isifo solusu apho umbala obomvu, onamaxolo wenza iindawo ezithile emzimbeni) kwizigulana ezithile ezingakhange zincedwe lolunye unyango. I-cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ikwiklasi yamayeza abizwa ngokuba zii-immunosuppressants. Basebenza ngokunciphisa umsebenzi wamajoni omzimba.


I-Cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) zombini ziza njengecapsule kunye nesisombululo (ulwelo) ukuthatha ngomlomo. I-cyclosporine ihlala ithathwa kanye ngemini. ICyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ihlala ithathwa kabini ngemini. Kubalulekile ukuthatha zombini ezi ntlobo ze-cyclosporine kwishedyuli yesiqhelo. Thatha i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ngaxeshanye (s) yonke imihla, kwaye uvumele ixesha elilinganayo phakathi kweedosi kunye nokutya yonke imihla.Landela izikhokelo kwileyibhile yakho yonyango ngononophelo, kwaye ubuze ugqirha wakho okanye usokhemesti ukuba achaze nayiphi na indawo ongayiqondiyo. Thatha i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ngokuchanekileyo njengoko kuyalelwe. Sukuthatha ngaphezulu okanye kancinci amayeza okanye uwathathe rhoqo kunokuba umiselwe ngugqirha.

Ugqirha wakho uya kulungelelanisa idosi yakho ye-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ngexesha lonyango lwakho. Ukuba uthatha naluphi na uhlobo lwe-cyclosporine ukunqanda ukwala ukufakelwa, ugqirha wakho uya kukuqala kwidosi ephezulu yamayeza kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe unciphise idosi yakho. Ukuba uthatha i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ukunyanga i-rheumatoid arthritis okanye i-psoriasis, ugqirha wakho uya kukuqala kwidosi esezantsi yonyango kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe andise idosi yakho. Ugqirha wakho unokunciphisa idosi yakho xa uneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango. Xelela ugqirha wakho indlela oziva ngayo ngexesha lonyango lwakho.

ICyclosporine (iguqulwe) inceda ukulawula iimpawu ze-psoriasis kunye ne-rheumatoid arthritis, kodwa ayizinyangi ezi meko. Ukuba uthatha i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ukunyanga i-psoriasis, kungathatha iiveki ezi-2 okanye ngaphezulu ukuba iimpawu zakho ziqale ukuphucula, kunye neeveki ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-16 ukuze uve uncedo olupheleleyo lwamayeza. Ukuba uthatha i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ukunyanga isifo samathambo, kungathatha iiveki ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-8 ukuze iimpawu zakho ziphuculwe. Qhubeka uthathe i-cyclosporine (ilungisiwe) nokuba uziva uphilile. Sukuyeka ukuthatha i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ngaphandle kokuthetha nogqirha wakho. Ugqirha wakho unokunciphisa umthamo wakho ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ungaphawula ivumba elingaqhelekanga xa uvula ikhadi leblister leephilisi zecyclosporine. Oku kuqhelekile kwaye akuthethi ukuba iyeza lonakele okanye alikhuselekanga.

Isisombululo somlomo seCyclosporine (esiguquliweyo) sinokwenza ijeli okanye sibe lumpy ukuba sivelisiwe kubushushu obungaphantsi kwama-68 ° F (20 ° C). Ungasisebenzisa isisombululo nokuba sele sifakwe i-gel, okanye isisombululo ungasibuyisela kulwelo ngokulivumela ukuba lifudumale kubushushu begumbi (77 ° F [25 ° C]).

Isisombululo somlomo seCylosporine kunye necyclosporine (silungisiwe) kufuneka sixutywe nolwelo ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa. Isisombululo somlomo seCyclosporine (esiguquliweyo) sinokuxutywa nejusi yeorenji okanye ijusi yeapile kodwa akufuneki ixutywe nobisi. Isisombululo somlomo seCycosporine sinokuxutywa nobisi, ubisi lweetshokholethi, okanye ijusi yeorenji. Kuya kufuneka ukhethe isiselo esinye kuluhlu olufanelekileyo kwaye usoloko uxuba amayeza akho neso siselo.

Ukuthatha naluphi na uhlobo lwesisombululo somlomo, landela la manyathelo:

  • Gcwalisa iglasi (hayi iplastiki) ngesiselo osikhethileyo.
  • Susa isiciko sokukhusela kumphezulu wesirinji esiza nonyango lwakho.
  • Beka incam yesirinji kwibhotile yesisombululo uze uphinde ubuye kwiplunger ukuze ugcwalise isirinji ngesixa sesisombululo esimiselwe ngugqirha.
  • Bamba isirinji phezu kolwelo kwiglasi yakho kwaye ucinezele kwiplunger ukubeka iyeza kwiglasi.
  • Gcina umxube kakuhle.
  • Sela konke okungamanzi kwiglasi ngoko nangoko.
  • Thela intwana yesiselo osikhethileyo kwiglasi, ujikeleze iglasi ukuze uhlambe, usele ulwelo.
  • Yoma ngaphandle kwesirinji ngetawuli ecocekileyo kwaye ubeke endaweni yokukhusela. Sukuyihlamba isirinji ngamanzi. Ukuba ufuna ukuhlamba isirinji, qiniseka ukuba yome ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba uyilinganise enye idosi.

I-Cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ukunyanga isifo sikaCrohn (imeko apho umzimba uhlasela ulungelelwaniso lwendlela yokugaya, ibangela iintlungu, urhudo, ukwehla kobunzima, kunye nefiva) kunye nokuthintela ukwaliwa kwizigulana ezifumene i-pancreas okanye ukufakelwa kwe-cornea. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga neengozi zokusebenzisa la mayeza kwimeko yakho.

La mayeza angamiselwa ezinye izinto. Buza ugqirha wakho okanye usokhemesti ngolwazi oluthe kratya.

Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (iguqulwe),

  • xelela ugqirha wakho kunye nosokhemisti ukuba ngaba uxabisa i-cyclosporine, i-cyclosporine (iguqulwe), nawaphi na amanye amayeza, okanye nayiphi na into engasebenziyo kwi-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (modified) capsules okanye isisombululo. Buza usokhemesti wakho uluhlu lwezinto ezingasebenziyo.
  • xelela ugqirha wakho kunye nosokhemesti ukuba yeyiphi na amayeza kagqirha kunye nalawo angabhalwanga, iivithamini, kunye nezongezelelo zesondlo ozithathayo, okanye oceba ukuzithatha. Qinisekisa ukukhankanya amayeza adweliswe kwicandelo LESILUMKISO ESIBALULEKILEYO kunye nayo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo: acyclovir (Zovirax); i-allopurinol (iZyloprim); amiodarone (Cordarone); i-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors enjenge benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), fosinopril (Monopril), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), moexipril (Univasc), peripopril (Acropil) ), ramipril (Altace), kunye netrandolapril (Mavik); ii-angiotensin II receptor antagonists ezinje nge candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), olmesartan (Benicar), telmisartan (Micardis), kunye ne valsartan (Diovan); amayeza athile okubulala afana ne-fluconazole (Diflucan), kunye ne-itraconazole (Sporanox); i-azithromycin (iZithromax); bromocriptine (Parlodel); iicalcium block blockers ezinjenge diltiazem (Cardizem), nicardipine (Cardene), kunye neverapamil (Calan); carbamazepine (Tegretol); cholesterol-ukunciphisa amayeza (ii-statins) ezinjenge-atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), kunye ne-simvastatin (Zocor); i-clarithromycin (i-Biaxin); dalfopristin kunye nokudibana kwequinupristin (Synercid); idanazol; idigoxin (Lanoxin); i-diuretics ethile ('iipilisi zamanzi') kubandakanya i-amiloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), kunye netriamterene (Dyazide); erythromycin; I-HIV protease inhibitors efana ne-indinavir (Crixivan), nelfinavir (Viracept), ritonavir (Norvir, eKaletra), kunye ne-saquinavir (Fortovase); imatinib (Gleevec); metoclopramide (Reglan); imethylprednisolone (iMedrol); nafcillin; i-octreotide (iSandostatin); izinto zokucwangcisa ngomlomo (iipilisi zolawulo lokuzalwa); Uluhlu (Xenical); phenobarbital; phenytoin (Dilantin); izongezo zepotassium; i-prednisolone (i-Pediapred); repaglinide (Prandin); irifabutin (Mycobutin); irifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane); isulfinpyrazone (Anturane); terbinafine (ILamisil); kunye ne-ticlopidine (Ticlid). Ugqirha wakho unokufuna ukutshintsha amayeza akho okanye akujonge ngononophelo kwiziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
  • ukuba uthatha i-sirolimus (Rapamune), yithathe iiyure ezi-4 emva kokuba uthathe i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo).
  • xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba zeziphi iimveliso zemithi ozithathayo, ngakumbi iSt John's wort.
  • xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba ukhe wakha wanayo nayiphi na kwezi meko ichazwe kwicandelo LESILUMKISO ESIBALULEKILEYO okanye nakwezinye ezi zinto zilandelayo: i-cholesterol esezantsi, amanqanaba asezantsi wemagniziyam egazini lakho, nayiphi na imeko eyenza kubenzima emzimbeni wakho ukufunxa izakhamzimba, okanye isifo sesibindi.
  • xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba ukhulelwe okanye ucwangcise ukukhulelwa. Ukuba ukhulelwa ngelixa uthatha uhlobo lwe-cyclosporine, tsalela umnxeba ugqirha wakho. Zombini ezi ntlobo ze-cyclosporine zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokuba umntwana wakho azalwe kwangoko.
  • xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba ngaba uncancisa okanye uceba ukuncancisa.
  • musa ukugonywa ungakhange uthethe nogqirha wakho.
  • Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba i-cyclosporine inokubangela ukukhula kweethishu ezongezelelweyo kwiintsini zakho. Qiniseka ukuba uhlamba amazinyo ngononophelo kwaye ubone ugqirha wamazinyo rhoqo ngexesha lonyango lwakho ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba uza kuphuhla oku.

Kunqabe ukusela ijusi ye grapefruit okanye ukutya iidiliya, ngelixa uthatha i-cyclosporine okanye i-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo).

Ugqirha wakho unokukuxelela ukuba unciphise inani le-potassium ekudleni kwakho. Landela le miyalelo ngononophelo. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nenani lokutya okune-potassium enezinto ezinjengeebhanana, iiprunes, iidiliya kunye nejusi yeorenji onokuba nayo ekutyeni kwakho. Uninzi lwezinto ezingena endaweni yeetyuwa ziqulathe i-potassium, ke thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokuzisebenzisa ngexesha lonyango lwakho.

Ukuba ulibale ukuthatha idosi, thatha idosi ephosiweyo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba uyikhumbule. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba phantse lixesha ledosi elandelayo, tsiba idosi ephosiweyo kwaye uqhubeke neshedyuli yakho yethamo eqhelekileyo. Sukuthatha idosi ephindwe kabini ukwenza eyilahlekileyo.

I-cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) inokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Tshela ugqirha wakho ukuba ngaba ezinye zeempawu zinzima okanye azihambi:

  • intloko ebuhlungu
  • urhudo
  • isilungulela
  • irhasi
  • ukukhula kweenwele ebusweni, kwiingalo, okanye ngasemva
  • ukukhula kweethishu ezongezelelweyo kwiintsini
  • induna
  • ukugungxula
  • ukushukuma okungalawulekiyo kwilungu lomzimba wakho
  • ukutshisa okanye ukurhawuzelela izandla, iingalo, iinyawo, okanye imilenze
  • intlungu yesihlunu okanye edibeneyo
  • iicampu
  • intlungu okanye uxinzelelo ebusweni
  • iingxaki zeendlebe
  • ukwandiswa kwamabele emadodeni
  • ukudakumba
  • ubunzima bokulala okanye ukulala

Ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zinokuba nzulu. Ukuba ufumana naziphi na kwezi mpawu zilandelayo, okanye ezo zidweliswe kwicandelo LESILUMKISO ELIBALULEKILEYO, tsalela umnxeba kwangoko:

  • ukopha okungaqhelekanga okanye ukugruzuka
  • ulusu oluthuthu
  • mthubi ulusu okanye amehlo
  • ukuxhuzula
  • ukulahleka kwengqondo
  • utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye kwimeko
  • ubunzima bokulawula iintshukumo zomzimba
  • utshintsho kumbono
  • ukudideka
  • irhashalala
  • amabala emfusa eluswini
  • ukudumba kwezandla, iingalo, iinyawo, amaqatha okanye imilenze esezantsi

I-cyclosporine kunye ne-cyclosporine (eguqulweyo) inokubangela ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Thetha nogqirha wakho ukuba ufumana iingxaki ezingaqhelekanga ngelixa uthatha amayeza.

Ukuba uhlangabezana neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimandundu, wena okanye ugqirha wakho ungathumela ingxelo kwiNkqubo yoKutya kunye nezoLawulo (i-FDA) yeMedWatch yeNkqubo yokuNgxelo ngezeMeko eziGwenxa kwi-Intanethi (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) okanye ngomnxeba ( 1-800-332-1088).

Gcina la mayeza kwisitya angene kuwo, avalwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye akanakufikelela ebantwaneni. Yigcine kubushushu begumbi kwaye kude nobushushu obuninzi kunye nokufuma (hayi kwigumbi lokuhlambela). Musa ukugcina eli yeza kwifriji kwaye ungaligcini. Lahla nasiphi na isisombululo esisele kwiinyanga ezi-2 emva kokuba uvule ibhotile kuqala.

Amayeza angafunekiyo kufuneka achithwe ngeendlela ezizodwa zokuqinisekisa ukuba izilwanyana zasekhaya, abantwana kunye nabanye abantu abanakuzisebenzisa. Nangona kunjalo, akufuneki uligungxule eli yeza kwindlu yangasese. Endaweni yoko, eyona ndlela yokulahla amayeza akho yinkqubo yokubuyisa amayeza. Thetha kumayeza wakho okanye unxibelelane nesebe lakho lenkunkuma / lokurisayikilisha ukuze ufunde malunga neenkqubo zokubuyisa kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Jonga i-FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) ngolwazi oluthe kratya ukuba awunakho ukufikelela kwinkqubo yokubuyisa.

Kubalulekile ukugcina onke amayeza ngaphandle kwamehlo kunye nokufikelela kwabantwana njengezikhongozeli ezininzi (ezinje ngeeveki zeepilisi zeveki kunye nezo zamehlo, iikhrim, iipatches, kunye ne-inhalers) azinyangeki kwaye abantwana abancinci banokuzivula ngokulula. Ukukhusela abantwana abancinci kwiityhefu, soloko ukhiya iminqwazi yokhuseleko kwaye ubeke amayeza kwindawo ekhuselekileyo-leyo iphakame kwaye iphakame kwaye ingabonakali kubo kwaye ifikelele kuyo. http://www.upandaway.org

Kwimeko yokugqithisa, fowunela umnxeba wolawulo lwetyhefu kwi-1-800-222-1222. Ulwazi lukwafumaneka kwi-Intanethi kwi-https: //www.poisonhelp.org/help. Ukuba ixhoba liye lawa, laxhuzula, linengxaki yokuphefumla, okanye alikwazi ukuvuswa, ngoko nangoko lifowunele iinkonzo zongxamiseko ngo-911.

Iimpawu zokudlula ngaphezulu zinokubandakanya:

  • mthubi ulusu okanye amehlo
  • ukudumba kweengalo, izandla, iinyawo, amaqatha okanye imilenze esezantsi.

Ungavumeli nabani na ukuba athathe amayeza akho. Buza usokhemesti wakho nayiphi na imibuzo onayo malunga nokuzalisa amayeza akho.

Kubalulekile ukuba ugcine uluhlu olubhaliweyo lwawo onke amayeza owasebenzisayo amayeza owasebenzisayo, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezinjengeevithamini, iiminerali, okanye ezinye izongezo zokutya. Kuya kufuneka uze nolu luhlu qho xa undwendwela ugqirha okanye ungeniswe esibhedlele. Kukwabalulekile ulwazi ukuba uphathe nawe xa kukho imeko kaxakeka.

  • IGengraf®
  • Ukudibana®
  • Isandimmune® Njengezingxobo
  • Isandimmune® Isisombululo somlomo
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Intlungu yomqala kunye noMhlaza

Intlungu yomqala kunye noMhlaza

Intlungu yentlungu yinto engathandekiyo eqhelekileyo. Ngelixa uninzi lwezizathu zalo luyanyangeka, iintlungu ezonyuka ngamandla kunye nobude zingakhokelela ekubeni uzibuze ukuba ngaba luphawu lomhlaza...