IBacteriophage: yintoni, ungayibona njani kunye nemijikelezo yobomi (i-lytic kunye ne-lysogenic)

Umxholo

• Iimpawu zebacteriophage
• Kwenzeka njani imijikelo ye-lytic kunye ne-lysogenic
• Umjikelo weLytic
• Umjikelo weLysogenic
• Yintoni unyango lwe-phage

I-bacteriophages, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-phages, liqela leentsholongwane ezikwaziyo ukosulela nokuphindaphindeka ngaphakathi kweeseli zebacteria kwaye, xa zimkayo, zikhuthaza intshabalalo yazo.

Iibacteriophages zikhona kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaye zinokwahlulwa emanzini, emhlabeni, kwimveliso yokutya kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci. Nangona inokubakho emzimbeni, ikakhulu kulusu, kwindawo yomlomo, emiphungeni nakwiinkqubo zokuchama kunye nezesisu, ii-bacteriophages azibangeli zifo okanye lutshintsho emzimbeni womntu, kuba zikhetha iprokaryotic iiseli, Oko kukuthi, iiseli ezincinci eziguqukileyo, ezinjengebhaktheriya.

Ukongeza, bayakwazi ukukhuthaza ukuphendula komzimba, ukuze bangabinako ukwenza kwintsholongwane ejongene nokusebenza kakuhle komzimba, ukongeza ekubeni nokucaca okuphezulu ngokunxulumene nomphathi wabo, oko kukuthi, i-microorganism ye-pathogenic . Ke, iibhaktheriya eziyinxalenye ye-microbiome azitshatyalaliswanga ngenxa yobudlelwane obuhle obusekwe phakathi kwe-bacteriophages kunye ne-immune system.

Iimpawu zebacteriophage

Iibacteriophages ziintsholongwane ezinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya umzimba womntu, nangona kunjalo azibangeli tshintsho okanye izifo njengoko zingenazo iinkcukacha zeeseli ezenza umzimba. Ezinye iimpawu zebacteriophage zezi:

• Zenziwe nge-capsid, esisakhiwo esenziwe ziiproteni ezinomsebenzi wokukhusela izinto zemvelo zentsholongwane;
• Banokuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemvelo, ezinje ngeDNA ephindwe kabini, iDNA okanye iRNA;
• Ukongeza ekubeni nakho ukwahlulwa ngokwemeko yemfuza, ii-bacteriophages zinokwahlulwa ngokwakhiwa kwe-capsid;
• Abakwazi ukuphindaphindeka ngaphandle komamkeli, oko kukuthi, kufuneka banxibelelane neseli yebacteria ukuze iphinde yenzeke, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu banokwaziwa ngokuba zii "parasites bacteria";
• Banobuchwephesha obuphezulu bomamkeli, abaziiseli zebacteria.

Ukwahlulahlula i-bacteriophages kusafundwa, nangona kunjalo, ezinye iipropathi zinokuba luncedo ekwahluleni nasekuhleleni iibacteriophages, ezinje ngohlobo lwezixhobo zemfuza, morphology, iimpawu ze-genomic kunye neempawu zomzimba zemichiza.

Kwenzeka njani imijikelo ye-lytic kunye ne-lysogenic

Imijikelezo ye-lytic kunye ne-lysogenic yimijikelezo yokuphindaphindeka kwebacteriophage xa ​​unxibelelana neseli yebhaktiriya kwaye unokwahlulwa ngokokuziphatha kwentsholongwane.

Umjikelo weLytic

Umjikelo we-lytic yenye apho, emva kwenaliti yento yemfuza yebacteriophage kwiseli yebacteria, ukuphindaphindeka kunye nokwenziwa kweebacteriophages ezintsha kwenzeka, okuthi xa zimka kutshabalalise iseli yebacteria. Ke, ngokubanzi, umjikelo wenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Adsorption: i-bacteriophage inamathela kwi-membrane yeseli yebhaktiriya echaphazelekayo ngokusebenzisa i-membrane receptors;
2. Ukungena okanye ukungena: izinto zofuzo zebacteriophage zingena kwiseli yebacteria;
3. Ukuphindaphinda: le nto yemfuza ilungelelanisa ukuhlanganiswa kweeproteni kunye nezinye iimolekyuli ze-DNA, ukuba ngaba yi-DNA bacteriophage;
4. Ukubeka: ii-bacteriophages ezintsha ziyenziwa kwaye i-DNA ephindaphindwayo ipakishwe ngoncedo lweeproteni ezihlanganisiweyo, ezenza ukuba i-capsid;
5. Vuka: ibacteriophage eyenziweyo ishiya iseli yebacteria, ikhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo.

Umjikelo weLysogenic

Kumjikelo we-lysogenic, izinto zemvelo zebacteriophage zibandakanyiwe kuleyo yebhaktiriya, nangona kunjalo le nkqubo inokubonisa kuphela ukuthulisa iintsholongwane zemfuza yentsholongwane, ukongeza ekubeni yinkqubo ebuyiswayo. Lo mjikelo wenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Adsorption: i-bacteriophage adsorbs kwi-bacterial membrane;
2. Igalelo: izinto zofuzo zebacteriophage zingena kwiseli yebacteria;
3. Umdibaniso: kukho ukudityaniswa kwezinto zemvelo zebacteriophage kunye nebacteria, yaziwa njengeprofago;
4. Icandelo: Izinto ezenziwe kwakhona, iprofago, yahlulahlulwe ngokwahlulahlula ibacteria.

Iprofagus ayisebenzi, oko kukuthi, ii-genes zayo azichazwanga kwaye, ngenxa yoko, azikhokeleli kutshintsho olubi kwiibhaktheriya kwaye yinkqubo ebuyela umva ngokupheleleyo.

Ngenxa yokuba iibacteriophages zinxibelelana nezinto zemvelo zebhakteria kwaye zinokukhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo, ezi ntsholongwane zinokusetyenziswa kuphando ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokulwa nosulelo oluninzi olunganyangekiyo.

Yintoni unyango lwe-phage

Unyango lwe-Phage, ekwabizwa ngokuba lonyango lwe-phage, luhlobo lonyango olusebenzisa ibacteriophages ukulwa nosulelo lwebacteria, ngakumbi ezo zibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezininzi ezinganyangekiyo. Olu hlobo lonyango lukhuselekile, kuba ii-bacteriophages zinemisebenzi ngokuchasene ne-bacterial pathogenic, egcina i-microbiota yesiqhelo yomntu.

Nangona olu hlobo lonyango luchaziwe iminyaka, kungoku nje luya luzivelela kuncwadi ngenxa yokwanda kwenani leebhaktheriya ezingaphenduliyo kunyango oluqhelekileyo ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwendlela elungileyo, unyango lwe-phage lunemida ethile. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-bacteriophage luchaphazela ibacteria ethile, ke ezi phages azinakusetyenziswa zodwa ukulwa usulelo olubangelwa ziintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kule meko "i-phage cocktail" inokwenziwa ngokuhambelana neentsholongwane ezichongwe njengezinoxanduva losulelo . Ukongeza, ikakhulu ngenxa yomjikelo we-lysogenic, ii-bacteriophages zinokukhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kwemfuza yokuxhathisa kwi-bacterium, inike unyango olungasebenziyo.