Umhlaza wemiphunga: unyango kunye nokukhethwa kunyango

Umxholo

• Iindlela eziphambili zonyango
• 1. Utyando
• 2. Unyango ngamayeza
• 3. Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy
• 4. Unyango ngemitha
• 5. Unyango lwe-Photodynamic
• 6. Unyango lweLaser
• 7. Ukupheliswa kwamaza oonomathotholo
• Lithini ixesha eliqikelelweyo lokuphila?

Umhlaza wemiphunga sisifo esibi esibonakaliswa bubukho beempawu ezinje ngokukhohlela, ukudakumba, ukuphefumla nzima kunye nokwehla kobunzima.

Ngaphandle kobuzaza bayo, umhlaza wemiphunga uyanyangeka xa uchongwe kwangethuba, kwaye unyango lwawo, olunokwenziwa ngotyando, ngemitha okanye ngemichiza, kwaye unokuhlala iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuba umhlaza wemiphunga ufunyanwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lesi sifo, esikhula ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, linamathuba amancinci okunyanga.

Iindlela eziphambili zonyango

Unyango lomhlaza wemiphunga luhlala luyehluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomhlaza, ukwahlulwa kwawo, ubungakanani bethumba, ubukho beemastastase kunye nempilo ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ezona ntlobo zonyango zisetyenzisiweyo zezi:

1. Utyando

Olu tyando lwenziwa ngenjongo yokususa ithumba kunye ne-lymph node ezichaphazelekayo ngumhlaza, ukuthintela iiseli zomhlaza ekubeni zisasazeke ziye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Ngokuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zomhlaza, oogqirha be-thoracic bangenza oku kulandelayo ukunyanga umdlavuza wamaphaphu:

• I-Lobectomy: kuxa ususwe umqala wonke wemiphunga, kwaye lolona hlobo lufanelekileyo lotyando lomhlaza wemiphunga, naxa amathumba emancinci;
• Iipneumectomy: lwenziwa xa kususwe yonke imiphunga kwaye kubonisiwe xa ithumba likhulu kwaye libekwe kufutshane neziko;
• Icandelo lecandelo: inxalenye encinci yemiphunga kunye nomhlaza iyasuswa. Kuboniswa kwizigulana ezinamathumba amancinci okanye zikwimeko enkenenkene yempilo;
• Ukubanjwa kwakhona umkhono: ayiqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye iyenziwa ukususa ithumba elichaphazela ummandla webronon, yimibhobho ethatha umoya uye emiphungeni.

Ngokubanzi, utyando lwenziwa ngokuvula isifuba, esibizwa ngokuba zii-thoracotomies, kodwa zinokwenziwa ngoncedo lwevidiyo, ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokuncedwa kwe-thoracic yevidiyo. Utyando lwevidiyo alungeni kangako, lunokufumana ixesha elifutshane lokubuyisela kwaye lubangele iintlungu ezingaphantsi koqhaqho kunokuhlinzwa, nangona kunjalo aluboniswanga kuzo zonke iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga.

Ixesha lokubuyisela kwimeko yoqhaqho lixhomekeke kuhlobo lotyando olwenziwe, kodwa ngesiqhelo ukukhutshwa esibhedlele emva kweentsuku ezisi-7 kwaye ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwaye kubuyela kwimisebenzi yesiqhelo kunokuhlala kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-12. Ugqirha uya kukunika amayeza okuphelisa iintlungu kwaye unokucebisa nge-physiotherapy yokuphefumla ukukunceda uphefumle.

Emva kotyando kunokwenzeka ukuba iingxaki ezinje ngobunzima bokuphefumla, ukopha okanye usulelo lunokuvela kwaye yiyo loo nto kusoloko kubalulekile ukulandela iingcebiso zoogqirha kunye nokuthatha amayeza abonisiweyo.

Ukongeza, emva kotyando kubekwe idreyini yokususa igazi kunye nolwelo oluqokelelwe kuqhaqho, kuyimfuneko ukugcina ukhathalelo ekunxibeni idreyini kwaye usoloko usazisa umba womxholo ngaphakathi koxinzelelo. Jonga yonke into malunga nomsele emva kotyando.

2. Unyango ngamayeza

I-Chemotherapy yonyango oluqhelekileyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wemiphunga kwaye ijolise ekutshabalaliseni iiseli zomhlaza, ezibekwe emiphungeni okanye ukusasazeka kuwo wonke umzimba. Olu hlobo lonyango lwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamayeza nge-vein okanye ngenaliti, kwezinye iimeko ngakumbi ngakumbi kwiipilisi. Amachiza asetyenziswe kwi-chemotherapy aphuhliswa ukutshabalalisa kunye nokumisa ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza.

Ubude bonyango lwe-chemotherapy buxhomekeke kuhlobo, ubungakanani kunye nobukrakra bomhlaza wemiphunga, kodwa ngokomndilili ihlala unyaka omnye. Iiseshoni zeChemotherapy zibizwa ngokuba yimijikelezo, kwaye umjikelo ngamnye wenziwa rhoqo kwiiveki ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4. Ixesha lokuphumla liyafuneka phakathi komjikelo ngamnye kuba ikhemotherapy iyatshabalalisa iiseli ezisempilweni ezifuna ukubuyela kwakhona.

Amachiza asetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwe-chemotherapy kunyango lomhlaza wemiphunga yiCisplatin, Etoposide, Gefitinib, Paclitaxel, Vinorelbine okanye Vinblastine kwaye kuxhomekeke kunyango oluchazwe ngugqirha, zinokusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo phakathi kwazo nakwezinye iintlobo zonyango. Umzekelo, umzekelo, inokwenziwa ngaphambi okanye emva kotyando.

Nangona kunjalo, kuqhelekile ukuba iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwala machiza ukuba avele, njengokulahleka kweenwele, ukudumba komlomo, ukuphelelwa ngumdla, isicaphucaphu nokugabha, urhudo okanye ukuqhina, usulelo, ukuphazamiseka kwegazi kunye nokudinwa kakhulu, umzekelo . Qonda ukuba wenzeni ukunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zekhemotherapy.

Uninzi lweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziyanyamalala emva kokugqiba unyango, kodwa kwezinye iimeko kuthomalalisa iintlungu okanye amayeza isicaphucaphu anokusetyenziswa ukunciphisa iimpawu kunye nokwenza unyango lula ukulandela. Jonga ezinye iingcebiso ezilula malunga nendlela yokuhambisa iziphumo eziphambili zechemotherapy:

3. Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy

Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga zivelisa iiproteni ezithile ezithintela iiseli zokhuselo lomzimba ekutshabalaliseni iiseli zomhlaza. Ke ngoko, amanye amayeza aphuhlisiwe ukuvimba ukusebenza kwezi proteni kubangela ukuba umzimba ulwe nomhlaza.

La machiza ayinxalenye yonyango lwe-immunotherapy, kuba anceda amajoni omzimba ukunyanga umhlaza wemiphunga. Amanye amachiza asetyenziselwa umhlaza wemiphunga yi-atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab kunye ne-pembrolizumab. Okwangoku, ezinye iziyobisi ezifanayo ziyaphuhliswa kwaye ziyavavanywa ukunyanga zonke iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga.

Amachiza e-Immunotherapy aneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngaphandle kwekhemotherapy, kwaye ngokubanzi ezi ziphumo zibuthathaka, nangona kunjalo, zinokubangela ukudinwa, ukuphefumla kancinci kunye nohudo.

4. Unyango ngemitha

I-Radiotherapy yonyango lomhlaza wemiphunga apho kusetyenziswa khona imitha ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza, kwaye imitha engaphandle inokusetyenziswa ngomatshini okhupha imitha ye-radiation, okanye nge-brachytherapy, apho izinto ezinemitha ye-radio zibekwa ecaleni kwethumba.

Phambi kokuqala iiseshoni ze-radiotherapy, kuyenziwa isicwangciso kwaye kwenziwa umqondiso kulusu, olubonisa indawo echanekileyo kumatshini we-radiotherapy, kwaye ke, zonke iiseshoni zihlala kwindawo ephawuliweyo.

Unyango lwe-radiation, njenge-chemotherapy, lunokwenziwa ngokudibeneyo nezinye iintlobo zonyango, njengaphambi kotyando, ukunciphisa ubungakanani besisu, okanye emva koko, ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza ezinokuthi zibe semiphungeni. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lonyango lunokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ezinje ngokudinwa, ukungabinamdla wokutya, umqala obuhlungu, ukudumba apho kusetyenziswa khona imitha, umkhuhlane, ukukhohlela kunye nokuphefumla kancinci, umzekelo.

Ngokubanzi, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziyanyamalala ekupheleni konyango, kodwa ezinye iimpawu ezinje ngokukhohlela, ukuphefumla kancinci kunye nomkhuhlane, ezibonisa ukudumba kwemiphunga, zinokuqhubeka iinyanga ezimbalwa. Yazi ukuba ungatya ntoni ukunciphisa iziphumo zonyango lwe-radiation.

5. Unyango lwe-Photodynamic

Unyango lwe-Photodynamic kumhlaza wemiphunga usetyenziswa kumanqanaba okuqala esi sifo xa kunyanzelekile ukuba uvulele iindlela zomoya ezivalelwe sisisu. Olu nyango luquka ukusetyenziswa kweyeza elithile, elitofelwe egazini ukuze liqokeleleke kwiiseli zomhlaza.

Emva kokuba iyeza liqokelelele kwi-tumor, i-laser beam ifakwe kwisiza ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza, ezisuswe yi-bronchoscopy. Unyango lwe-Photodynamic lunokubangela ukudumba komoya iintsuku ezimbalwa, kubangele ukuphefumla okufutshane, ukukhohlela okunegazi kunye nephlegm, enokuthi inyangwe esibhedlele.

6. Unyango lweLaser

Unyango lwe-Laser lunyango olusetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko zomhlaza wemiphunga, ngakumbi ukuba ithumba lincinci. Kolu hlobo lonyango, i-laser isetyenziswa nge-endoscopy, ngokusebenzisa ityhubhu eguquguqukayo efakwa emlonyeni ukuya kumphunga, obizwa ngokuba yi-bronchoscope, ukwenzela ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza.

Inkqubo yokusebenzisa i-laser iyafana nokwenza i-endoscopy, ihlala i-avareji yemizuzu ye-30, efuna ukuzila iiyure ezingama-6 kunye nokwenza umthambo kwenzelwe ukulala ngexesha loviwo kwaye ungaziva buhlungu.

7. Ukupheliswa kwamaza oonomathotholo

Kwiimeko apho umhlaza wemiphunga ukwinqanaba lokuqala, ukubonakaliswa kwe-radiofrequency kubonisiwe endaweni yotyando. Isebenzisa ubushushu obuveliswa ngamaza kanomathotholo ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza emiphungeni, kusetyenziswa iinaliti okanye iityhubhu ezishushu nezitshabalalisa ithumba. Ezi naliti zikhokelwa yikhompyuter ye-tomography ukuze wazi eyona ndawo ikhoyo ithumba.

Le nkqubo yenziwa phantsi kokuthanjiswa kwaye ihlala malunga nemizuzu engama-30. Emva kokwenza olu nyango, indawo inokuba buhlungu, kungoko ugqirha emisela ukuba kusetyenziswe amayeza entlungu, njengokunciphisa iintlungu.

Lithini ixesha eliqikelelweyo lokuphila?

Ubomi obulindelweyo emva kokufunyanwa komhlaza wemiphunga buhluka ukusuka kwiinyanga ezisi-7 ukuya kwiminyaka emi-5, kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, ezinje ngempilo ngokubanzi, uhlobo lomhlaza wemiphunga kunye nokuqala konyango. Naxa olu hlobo lomhlaza lufunyenwe kwinqanaba lokuqala, amathuba onyango awaphakamanga kakhulu, kuba inethuba elihle lokubuya, okwenzeka malunga nesiqingatha samatyala.