Ukuzalwa Ngale Ndlela: Ithiyori kaChomsky ichaza ukuba kutheni silunge kakhulu ekufumaneni ulwimi

Umxholo

• Inzala yolwimi
• Yintoni eqinisekise uChomsky ukuba igrama yendalo iphela ikhona?
• Iilwimi zabelana ngeempawu ezithile ezisisiseko
• Sifunda ulwimi phantse ngaphandle kwamandla
• Kwaye sifunda ngokulandelelana okufanayo
• Sifunda nangona 'intlupheko yokuvuselela'
• Iilwimi ziyayithanda ingxoxo elungileyo
• Ke, le ithiyori ikuchaphazela njani ukufundwa kolwimi kumagumbi okufundela?
• Umgca wezantsi

Abantu ngabantu ababalisa amabali. Ngokwazi kwethu, akukho zityalo zimbi zinesakhono solwimi kunye nokukwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngeendlela ezingapheliyo zokuyila. Ukususela kwiintsuku zethu zokuqala, sibiza izinto kwaye sichaza izinto. Sixelela abanye ukuba kwenzeka ntoni macala onke kuthi.

Kubantu abagxile ekufundeni ulwimi nasekufundeni ukufunda, owona mbuzo ubaluleke kakhulu ubangele ingxoxo mpikiswano kule minyaka idlulileyo: Ngaba obu buchule buzalwe kangakanani - yinxalenye yemfuzo yethu - kwaye sifunde kangakanani iimeko?

Inzala yolwimi

Alithandabuzeki elokuba thina fumana Iilwimi zethu zomthonyama, zigqibe ngamagama abo kunye neepatheni zegrama.

Kodwa ngaba sikhona isakhono esasizuz 'ilifa esisisiseko solwimi lwethu-isikhokelo sokwakheka esenza ukuba sikwazi ukuqonda, ukugcina nokuphuhlisa ulwimi ngokulula?

Ngo-1957, ingcali ngeelwimi uNoam Chomsky wapapasha incwadi ethi "Syntactic Structures." Iphakamise umbono wenoveli: Bonke abantu banokuzalwa benokuqonda okungaphakathi kwindlela ulwimi olusebenza ngayo.

Nokuba sifunda isiArabhu, isiNgesi, isiTshayina, okanye ulwimi lwezandla kumiselwe, kunjalo, ziimeko zobomi bethu.

Kodwa ngokukaChomsky, thina unako fumana ulwimi kuba sidityaniswe ngokwemfuza ngegrama yendalo iphela - ukuqonda okuyisiseko malunga nendlela unxibelelwano olwakhiwe ngayo.

Uluvo lukaChomsky sele lwamkelwe ngokubanzi.

Yintoni eqinisekise uChomsky ukuba igrama yendalo iphela ikhona?

Iilwimi zabelana ngeempawu ezithile ezisisiseko

UChomsky nezinye iingcali zeelwimi bathe zonke iilwimi zinezinto ezifanayo. Umzekelo, xa sithetha kwihlabathi jikelele, ulwimi luyehlula ngokwamahlelo afanayo: izibizo, izenzi, kunye nezichazi ukubiza ezintathu.

Olunye uphawu olwabelwanayo lolwimi ngu. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezinqabileyo, zonke iilwimi zisebenzisa izakhiwo eziziphindayo, zisivumela ukuba sandise ezo zakhiwo phantse ngokungenasiphelo.

Umzekelo, thatha ubume benkcazo. Phantse kulo lonke ulwimi olwaziwayo, kunokwenzeka ukuphindaphinda izichazi ngokuphindaphindiweyo: "Wayenxibe i-itsy-bitsy, teeny-weeny, yellow polka dot bikini."

Ukuthetha ngokungqongqo, izichazi ezininzi zinokongezwa ukuchaza ngakumbi ukuba i-bikini, nganye ingene ngaphakathi kulwakhiwo esele lukhona.

Ukuphinda-phinda kwepropathi yolwimi kusivumela ukuba sandise isivakalisi esithi "Wayekholelwa ukuba uRicky umsulwa" ngokungenasiphelo: "ULucy wayekholelwa ukuba uFred no-Ethel bayazi ukuba uRicky unyanzelisile ukuba umsulwa."

Ipropathi ephindaphindekayo yolwimi ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi "nesting," kuba phantse kuzo zonke iilwimi, izivakalisi zinokwandiswa ngokubeka izakhiwo eziphindaphindanayo ngaphakathi kwenye.

UChomsky nabanye bathi ngenxa yokuba phantse zonke iilwimi zabelana ngezi mpawu nangona zinomahluko, sinokuthi sizalwe silungiselelwe kwangaphambili ngegrama.

Sifunda ulwimi phantse ngaphandle kwamandla

Iilwimi ezinje ngeChomsky ziye zaphikisana ngegrama yendalo iphela ngokuyinxenye kuba abantwana kuyo yonke indawo bakhulisa ulwimi ngeendlela ezifanayo ngexesha elifutshane ngaphandle koncedo oluncinci.

Abantwana babonisa ukwazisa ngeendidi zolwimi besebancinci kakhulu, kude kube ngaphambi kokuba kufundiswe.

Umzekelo, olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba abantwana abanenyanga ezili-18 ubudala baqonda "idoki" ibhekisa kwinto kwaye "ukufundisa" kubhekisa kwisenzo, kubonisa ukuba bayayiqonda imeko yeli gama.

Ukuba nenqaku u "a" ngaphambi kwalo okanye ukuphela ngo "-ing" kugqityiwe ukuba ingaba igama liyinto okanye isiganeko.

Kungenzeka ukuba babezifundile ezi zimvo ngokumamela abantu bethetha, kodwa abo baxhasa uluvo lwegrama yendalo iphela bathi kunokwenzeka ukuba banokuqonda okungaphakathi ukuba amagama asebenza njani, nokuba bangawazi ngokwabo amagama.

Kwaye sifunda ngokulandelelana okufanayo

Abaxhasi begrama yendalo iphela bathi abantwana kwihlabathi liphela bakhulisa ulwimi ngokulandelelana kwamanyathelo.

Ke, ingaba ijongeka njani imeko yophuhliso ekwabelwana ngayo? Iilwimi ezininzi ziyavuma ukuba zintathu izigaba ezisisiseko:

• izandi zokufunda
• ukufunda amagama
• izivakalisi zokufunda

Ngokukodwa:

• Sibona kwaye sivelise izandi zentetho.
• Siyabetha, ihlala iphethe isandi-emva koko-isikhamiso.
• Sithetha amagama ethu okuqala.
• Sikhulisa amagama ethu, sifunde ukwahlula izinto.
• Sakha izivakalisi ezinamagama amabini, emva koko sandise ukuntsokotha kwezivakalisi.

Abantwana abahlukeneyo baqhubeka ngala manqanaba ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Kodwa inyani yokuba sonke sabelana ngokulandelelana kophuhliso inokubonisa ukuba silukhuni kulwimi.

Sifunda nangona 'intlupheko yokuvuselela'

UChomsky nabanye baphikise ukuba sifunde iilwimi ezintsonkothileyo, kunye nemithetho yabo entsonkothileyo yegrama kunye nokusikelwa umda, ngaphandle kokufumana imiyalelo ecacileyo.

Umzekelo, abantwana ngokuzenzekelayo babamba indlela echanekileyo yokulungisa ukwakheka kwezivakalisi ngaphandle kokufundiswa.

Siyazi ukuthi "Inkwenkwe edadayo ifuna ukutya isidlo sasemini" endaweni yokuba "Inkwenkwe ifuna ukutya isidlo sasemini ngubani odadayo."

Ngaphandle kokungabikho kovuselelo lokufundisa, sisafunda kwaye sisebenzisa iilwimi zethu zemveli, ukuqonda imigaqo ebalawulayo. Sigqiba ukwazi okungakumbi malunga nokuba iilwimi zethu zisebenza njani kunokuba sifundiswe ngokugqithisileyo.

Iilwimi ziyayithanda ingxoxo elungileyo

UNoam Chomsky uphakathi kwezona lwimi zisoloko zicatshulwa. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho impikiswano eninzi malunga nemfundiso yakhe yegrama yendalo iphela ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane ngoku.

Enye ingxoxo esisiseko yeyokuba unempazamo malunga nesakhelo sebhayoloji sokufumana ulwimi. Iilwimi kunye nootitshala abangafaniyo naye bathi sifumana ulwimi ngendlela efanayo yokufunda konke okunye: ngokuvezwa kwethu kukukhuthaza okusingqongileyo.

Abazali bethu bathetha nathi, nokuba bathetha okanye basebenzise imiqondiso. “Sifunxa” ulwimi ngokumamela iincoko ezenzeka macala onke kuthi, ukusuka kwizilungiso ezichuliweyo esizifumanayo ngeempazamo zethu zolwimi.

Umzekelo, umntwana uthi, "andiyifuni lonto."

Umkhathaleli wabo uyaphendula, "Uthetha ukuthi, 'andifuni lonto.'"

Kodwa ithiyori kaChomsky yegrama yendalo iphela ayijongani nendlela yokufunda iilwimi zethu zemveli. Ijolise kumthamo wemvelo owenza ukuba lonke ulwimi lwethu lufumaneke.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuba azikho iipropathi ekwabelwana ngazo ngazo zonke iilwimi.

Thatha ukuphindaphinda, umzekelo. Kukho iilwimi ngokulula ezingaphindisiyo.

Kwaye ukuba imigaqo kunye neeparameter zolwimi azikho jikelele, kungakho njani ukuba "igrama" isisiseko efakwe kubuchwephesha bethu?

Ke, le ithiyori ikuchaphazela njani ukufundwa kolwimi kumagumbi okufundela?

Esinye sezona ziphumo zisemagqabini yingcinga yokuba kukho ubudala obufanelekileyo bokufumana ulwimi phakathi kwabantwana.

Omncinci, ulunge ngakumbi ngumbono ogqubayo. Kuba abantwana abancinci baxhamla ekufumaneni ulwimi lwendalo, ukufunda a Isibini Ulwimi lunokusebenza ngakumbi ebuntwaneni bokuqala.

Ithiyori yegrama kwindalo iphela ikwanempembelelo enkulu kumagumbi okufundela apho abafundi bafunda khona iilwimi zesibini.

Ootitshala abaninzi ngoku basebenzisa iindlela zendalo, zokuntywila ezilinganisa indlela esizifumana ngayo iilwimi zethu zokuqala, endaweni yokukhumbula imigaqo yegrama kunye noluhlu lwesigama.

Ootitshala abayiqondayo igrama yendalo iphela banokulungiswa ngcono ukugxila ngokucacileyo kulwantlukwano lwesakhiwo phakathi kolwimi lokuqala nolwesibini lwabafundi.

Umgca wezantsi

Ithiyori kaNoam Chomsky yegrama yendalo iphela ithi sonke sizalwe sinokuqonda okungaphakathi kwindlela ulwimi olusebenza ngayo.

UChomsky waseka ithiyori yakhe kwimbono yokuba zonke iilwimi zinezinto ezifanayo kunye nemigaqo (igrama yendalo iphela), kunye nenyani yokuba abantwana kuyo yonke indawo bafumana ulwimi ngendlela efanayo, kwaye ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu, kubonakala ngathi kubonisa ukuba sizalwe sinentambo ngezinto ezisisiseko sele ikhona kwiingqondo zethu.

Nangona ayinguye wonke umntu ovumelana nembono kaChomsky, iyaqhubeka ukuba nefuthe elinamandla kwindlela esicinga ngayo ngokufumana ulwimi namhlanje.