Iintlobo ezi-6 eziqhelekileyo zokuPhazamiseka kokutya (kunye neempawu zawo)

Umxholo

• Ziziphi iingxaki zokutya?
• Zibangelwa yintoni?
• 1. IAnorexia amanosa
• 2. IBulimia amanosa
• 3. Ukuzinkcinkca ngotywala
• 4. IPica
• 5. Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya
• 6. Ukuphepha / ukuthintela ukutya ukutya
• Ezinye iingxaki zokutya
• Umgca wezantsi

Nangona igama lokutya liseligameni, iingxaki zokutya zimalunga nokutya. Ziimeko ezinzima zempilo yengqondo ezihlala zifuna ungenelelo lweengcali zonyango kunye nezengqondo ukutshintsha ikhosi.

Ezi ngxaki zichazwe kwiAmerican Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, uhlelo lwesihlanu (DSM-5).

E-United States kuphela, kuqikelelwa ukuba kwizigidi ezingama-20 abasetyhini kunye nezigidi ezili-10 zamadoda abaye banengxaki yokutya ngaxa lithile ebomini babo (1).

Eli nqaku lichaza i-6 yeentlobo eziqhelekileyo zokuphazamiseka kwindlela otya ngayo kunye neempawu zazo.

Ziziphi iingxaki zokutya?

Ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokutya kuluhlu lweemeko zengqondo ezibangela ukuba imikhwa yokutya engafanelekanga ikhule. Banokuqala ngokutya kakhulu, ubunzima bomzimba, okanye ukumila komzimba.

Kwiimeko ezinzima, ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokutya kunokubangela iziphumo ezibi zempilo kwaye kunokubangela nokufa xa kunganyangwa.

Abo banengxaki yokutya banokuba neempawu ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lubandakanya isithintelo esiqatha sokutya, iidingi zokutya, okanye indlela yokuziphatha yokucoca njengokugabha okanye ukusebenzisa kakhulu.

Nangona iingxaki zokutya zinokuchaphazela abantu besini nakweyiphi na inqanaba lobomi, zihlala zixelwa kulutsha nakwabasetyhini abancinci. Ngapha koko, ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezili-13 zolutsha ezinokuba nengxaki yokutya ubuncinci ineminyaka engama-20 ().

Isishwankathelo Ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokutya ziimeko zempilo yengqondo eziphawulwe kukuthanda ukutya okanye ukuma komzimba. Banokuchaphazela nabani na kodwa baxhaphake kakhulu kubafazi abaselula.

Zibangelwa yintoni?

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwindlela otya ngayo kunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo.

Enye yezi zinto yimfuza. Amawele kunye nokwamkelwa kwezifundo ezibandakanya amawele ezahlulwe ngokuzalwa kunye nokwamkelwa ziintsapho ezahlukeneyo kubonelela ubungqina bokuba iingxaki zokutya zinokuba lilifa.

Olu hlobo lophando lubonakalisile ngokubanzi ukuba iwele elinye likhula ngengxaki yokutya, elinye linamathuba angama-50% okuphuhlisa elinye, ngokomndilili ().

Iimpawu zobuntu sesinye isizathu. Ngokukodwa, i-neuroticism, ukugqibelela, kunye nokunyanzeliswa ziimpawu ezintathu zobuntu zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophezulu wokufumana ingxaki yokutya ().

Ezinye izinto ezinokubangela zibandakanya uxinzelelo olubonakalayo lokuba lucekeceke, ukuthanda inkcubeko ukuba mncinci, kunye nokuvezwa kwimithombo yeendaba ekhuthaza ezo njongo ().

Ngapha koko, iingxaki ezithile zokutya zibonakala zininzi kakhulu kwiinkcubeko ezingakhange zivezwe kwiinjongo zaseNtshona zokubhitya ().

Oko kwathiwa, iinjongo ezamkelekileyo zenkcubeko zikhona kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Ukanti, kwamanye amazwe, bambalwa abantu abathi ekugqibeleni babe nengxaki yokutya. Ke, zinokubangelwa ngumxube wezinto.

Kutshanje, iingcali zicebise ukuba umahluko kubume bengqondo nakwibhayoloji inokudlala indima kuphuhliso lokuphazamiseka kwindlela otya ngayo.

Ngokukodwa, amanqanaba ezithunywa zobuchopho i-serotonin kunye ne-dopamine zinokuba zizinto (5, 6).

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka uphando olongezelelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezinamandla.

Isishwankathelo Ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokutya kunokubangelwa zizinto ezininzi. Oku kubandakanya i-genetics, i-biology yengqondo, iimpawu zobuntu, kunye neenjongo zenkcubeko.

1. IAnorexia amanosa

I-Anorexia nervosa yeyona nto idume kakhulu ekutyeni.

Ikhula ngokubanzi ngexesha lokufikisa okanye ebudaleni kwaye ithambekele ekuchaphazeleni uninzi lwabasetyhini kunamadoda ().

Abantu abaneanorexia ngokubanzi bazijonga njengabatyebileyo, nokuba banesisindo esiyingozi. Bavame ukubeka esweni ubunzima babo, kuthintele ukutya iintlobo ezithile zokutya, kunye nokuthintela kakhulu iikhalori zabo.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-anorexia nervosa zibandakanya (8):

• ukutyeba kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abakwiminyaka efanayo nobude
• kuthintelwe kakhulu iipateni zokutya
• uloyiko olukhulu lokufumana ubunzima okanye isimilo esiqhubekayo sokuphepha ukutyeba, ngaphandle kokutyeba
• ukuqhubela phambili ngokungapheliyo kokubhitya kunye nokungafuni ukugcina ubunzima obunempilo
• Impembelelo enzima yobunzima bomzimba okanye ukubonwa komzimba ekuzithembeni
• umfanekiso ogqwethekileyo womzimba, kubandakanya ukungavumi ukutyeba kakhulu

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zokunyanzelwa zihlala zikhona. Umzekelo, abantu abaninzi abane-anorexia bahlala bexakeke ziingcinga eziqhubekayo malunga nokutya, kwaye abanye banokuqokelela ngokungathandekiyo iiresiphi okanye bagcine ukutya.

Abantu abanjalo banokuba nobunzima bokutya esidlangalaleni kwaye babonakalise umnqweno onamandla wokulawula imeko-bume yabo, ukunciphisa amandla abo okuzenzekelayo.

I-Anorexia yahlulwe ngokusesikweni kwii-subtypes ezimbini-uhlobo lokuthintela kunye nokuzinkcinkca ngotywala kunye nohlobo lokucoca (8).

Abantu abanohlobo lokuthintela ukunciphisa umzimba kuphela ngokutya, ukuzila ukutya, okanye ukwenza umthambo ogqithisileyo.

Abantu abanokutya okutya kakhulu kunye nohlobo lokucoca banokutya kakhulu okanye batye kancinci. Kuzo zombini iimeko, emva kokuba betyile, bayacoca imisebenzi efana nokugabha, ukuthatha i-laxatives okanye i-diuretics, okanye ukusebenzisa kakhulu.

I-Anorexia inokuba yingozi emzimbeni. Ixesha elingaphezulu, abantu abaphila nayo banokufumana ukubhitya kwamathambo abo, ukungachumi, iinwele eziqaqambayo kunye neenzipho, kunye nokukhula komaleko weenwele ezintle kuwo wonke umzimba wabo (9).

Kwiimeko ezinzima, i-anorexia inokubangela ukusilela kwentliziyo, kwengqondo, okanye ukungasebenzi kwamalungu amaninzi kunye nokufa.

Isishwankathelo Abantu abane-anorexia nervosa banokunciphisa ukutya kwabo okanye ukuhlawulela oko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha. Banoloyiko olukhulu lokufumana ubunzima, nokuba batyebe kakhulu.

2. IBulimia amanosa

IBulimia nervosa yenye ingxaki yokutya eyaziwayo.

Njenge-anorexia, i-bulimia ihlala ikhula ngexesha lokufikisa kunye nokuba mdala kwaye ibonakala ngathi ayixhaphakanga phakathi kwamadoda kunabafazi ().

Abantu abane-bulimia bahlala besitya izixa ezikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga ngexesha elithile.

Isiqendu ngasinye sokutya okutya rhoqo siqhubeka de umntu abe buhlungu ngokupheleleyo. Ngexesha lokuzinkcinkca ngotywala, umntu uhlala evakalelwa kukuba abanakuyeka ukutya okanye balawule ukuba batya kangakanani.

Iibhini zingenzeka nangaluphi na uhlobo lokutya kodwa ezixhaphakileyo zenzeka ngokutya umntu anokukuthintela.

Abantu abane-bulimia emva koko bazama ukuhlamba ukubuyisa iikhalori ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokunciphisa ukungonwabi kwamathumbu.

Ukuziphatha okucocekileyo kubandakanya ukuhlanza okunyanzelekileyo, ukuzila ukutya, laxatives, i-diuretics, i-enemas, kunye nokuzilolonga kakhulu.

Iimpawu zinokubonakala zifana kakhulu nokutya kakhulu okanye ukucoca ii-subtypes zeanorexia nervosa. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abane-bulimia bahlala benobunzima obuqhelekileyo, kunokuba babe semzimbeni omncinci.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-bulimia nervosa zibandakanya (8):

• iziqendu eziphindaphindayo zokutya kakhulu kunye nemvakalelo yokunqongophala kolawulo
• iziqendu eziphindaphindayo zokuziphatha okungazicoci ukuthintela ukuzuza kobunzima
• ukuzithemba okugqithisileyo okuchatshazelwe yimilo yomzimba kunye nobunzima
• uloyiko lokufumana ubunzima, ngaphandle kokuba nobunzima obuqhelekileyo

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-bulimia zinokubandakanya ukutsha komqala kunye nokuqaqamba komqala, ukudumba kwamadlala amathe, ukubola kwamazinyo, ukubola kwamazinyo, i-acid reflux, ukucaphuka kwamathumbu, ukomisa kakhulu emzimbeni kunye nokuphazamiseka kwehomoni (9).

Kwiimeko ezinzima, i-bulimia inokudala ukungalingani kumanqanaba ee-electrolyte, ezinje ngesodium, potassium kunye necalcium. Oku kunokubangela ukubetha kwentliziyo okanye ukubetha kwentliziyo.

Isishwankathelo Abantu abane-bulimia nervosa badla ukutya okuninzi ngexesha elifutshane, emva koko bacoca. Banoloyiko lokufumana ubunzima nangona bekwisisindo esiqhelekileyo.

3. Ukuzinkcinkca ngotywala

Ukutya kakhulu kukukholelwa ukuba sesinye seengxaki zokutya ezixhaphakileyo, ngakumbi eMelika ().

Ihlala iqala ngexesha lokufikisa kunye nokuba mdala, nangona inokukhula kamva.

Abantu abanesi sifo baneempawu ezifanayo nezo ze-bulimia okanye ukutya okune-subtype kwe-anorexia.

Umzekelo, bahlala betya ukutya okuninzi ngokungaqhelekanga ngexesha elifutshane kwaye baziva bengenalo ulawulo ngexesha lokugcoba.

Abantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu abayithinteli ikhalori okanye basebenzise indlela yokuziphatha yokucoca, njengokugabha okanye ukwenza umthambo ogqithileyo, ukuhlawulela iibins zabo.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokutya okutywala kubandakanya (8):

• ukutya ukutya okuninzi ngokukhawuleza, emfihlakalweni kude kube kungonelanga, ngaphandle kokuziva ulambile
• Ukuziva ukunqongophala kolawulo ngexesha leziqendu zokutya kakhulu
• iimvakalelo zoxinzelelo, ezinje ngeentloni, ukoyikeka, okanye ukuziva unetyala, xa ucinga ngokutya kakhulu
• akukho kusetyenziswa kokuziphatha kokucoca, njengokuthintela ikhalori, ukugabha, ukusebenzisa kakhulu okanye ukusebenzisa laxative okanye ukusebenzisa isisu, ukubuyekeza ukubheja

Abantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu bahlala benobunzima okanye ukutyeba kakhulu. Oku kunokunyusa umngcipheko weengxaki zonyango ezinxulunyaniswe nobunzima obugqithisileyo, njengesifo sentliziyo, ukubetha, kunye nohlobo lweswekile yesi-2 ().

Isishwankathelo Abantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu kwaye ngokungalawulekiyo badla ukutya okuninzi ngexesha elifutshane. Ngokungafaniyo nabanye abantu abanengxaki yokutya, abacoci.

4. IPica

I-Pica yenye ingxaki yokutya ebandakanya ukutya izinto ezingathathelwa ngqalelo njengokutya.

Abantu abane-pica banqwenela izinto ezingezizo zokutya, ezinje ngomkhenkce, ukungcola, umhlaba, itshokhwe, isepha, iphepha, iinwele, amalaphu, uboya, iingqalutye, isepha yokuhlamba impahla, okanye ingqolowa (8).

I-Pica inokwenzeka kubantu abadala, nakubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo. Oko kwathiwa, esi sifo sihlala siqwalaselwa ebantwaneni, abasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabantu abakhubazeke ngengqondo ().

Abantu abane-pica banokuba semngciphekweni owandayo wetyhefu, usulelo, ukonzakala kwamathumbu kunye nokusilela kwesondlo. Kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezingenisiweyo, ipica inokubulala.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo njengepica, ukutya izinto ezingezizo ukutya akufuneki kube yinto eqhelekileyo kwinkcubeko yomntu okanye kwinkolo yakhe. Ukongeza, akufuneki ithathelwe ingqalelo njengezenzo ezamkelekileyo ekuhlaleni ngoontanga bomntu.

Isishwankathelo Abantu abane-pica bahlala banqwenela kwaye batye izinto ezingezizo zokutya. Esi sifo sinokuchaphazela ikakhulu abantwana, abasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabantu abakhubazeke ngengqondo.

5. Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya

Ukuphazamiseka kwesifo yenye ingxaki yokutya esandula ukwamkelwa.

Ichaza imeko apho umntu ephinda abuye ukutya ebekuhlafuna aze akuginye, aphinde akuhlafune, aphinde akuginye okanye akuphalise ().

Le rumum ivela ngaphakathi kwimizuzu yokuqala engama-30 emva kwesidlo. Ngokungafaniyo neemeko zonyango ezifana ne-reflux, kukuzithandela (14).

Esi sifo sinokukhula ebusaneni, ebuntwaneni, okanye ebudaleni. Kwiintsana, ihlala ikhula phakathi kweenyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezi-12 ubudala kwaye ihlala inyamalala iyodwa. Abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abanesi sifo bahlala befuna unyango ukuyisombulula.

Ukuba ayisonjululwanga kwiintsana, ukungahambi kakuhle kunokubangela ukunciphisa umzimba kunye nokungondleki okunzima okunokubulala.

Abantu abadala abanale ngxaki banokuthintela inani lokutya abakutyayo, ngakumbi esidlangalaleni. Oku kunokubakhokelela ekubeni banciphise umzimba kwaye batyebe (8, 14).

Isishwankathelo Ukuphazamiseka kwesifo kunokuchaphazela abantu kuwo onke amabakala obomi. Abantu abanesi sifo ngokubanzi baphinda bakubuyise ukutya abasandukukuginya. Emva koko, bayayihlafuna kwakhona baze bayiginye okanye bayitshicele.

6. Ukuphepha / ukuthintela ukutya ukutya

Ukuthintela / ukuthintela ukutya ukutya (ARFID) ligama elitsha lesifo esidala.

Eli gama lithatha indawo yento eyayisaziwa ngokuba "kukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokondla kwasebusaneni nakwiminyaka yobuntwana," isifo ebesikade sigcinelwe abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka esixhenxe.

Nangona i-ARFID ngokubanzi ikhula ngexesha lobusana okanye ebuntwaneni, inokuqhubeka nokuba mdala. Ngaphezu, kuqhelekile ngokufanayo phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi.

Abantu abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka ekutyeni ngenxa yokunqongophala komdla ekutyeni okanye ekuphazamiseni ivumba elithile, incasa, imibala, uburhabaxa, okanye amaqondo obushushu.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-ARFID zibandakanya (8):

• ukuthintela okanye ukuthintela ukutya ukutya okuthintela umntu ekutyeni iikhalori ezaneleyo okanye izakha mzimba
• imikhwa yokutya ephazamisa imisebenzi yesiqhelo yentlalo, njengokutya nabanye
• ukwehla kobunzima okanye ukukhula kakubi kubudala nokuphakama
• ukuswela izondlo okanye ukuxhomekeka kwizongezo okanye ukondla ityhubhu

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-ARFID iya ngaphaya kokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo, njengokutya okukhethiweyo kwiintsana okanye ukutya okuncinci kubantu abadala.

Ngapha koko, ayibandakanyi ukuthintelwa okanye ukuthintelwa kokutya ngenxa yokunqongophala kokufumaneka okanye iinkqubo zonqulo okanye zenkcubeko.

Isishwankathelo I-ARFID yingxaki yokutya ebangela ukuba abantu bangadli ngaphantsi. Oku kungenxa yokunqongophala komdla ekutyeni okanye ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwindlela ukutya okuthile okujongeka ngayo, kunuka, okanye incasa.

Ezinye iingxaki zokutya

Ukongeza kwezi ngxaki zintandathu zokutya zingasentla, ukungaziwa okungaziwayo okanye ukuphazamiseka kokutya okuqhelekileyo kukwakho. Ezi ngokubanzi ziwela phantsi kolunye lweendidi ezintathu (8):

• Ingxaki yokuthenga. Abantu abanengxaki yokuhlanjululwa bahlala besebenzisa indlela yokucoca, njengokugabha, i-laxatives, i-diuretics, okanye ukusebenzisa kakhulu, ukulawula ubunzima okanye imilo yabo. Nangona kunjalo, abazinkcinkci ngotywala.
• Isifo sokutya ebusuku. Abantu abanesi sifo bahlala betya kakhulu, rhoqo emva kokuvuka ebuthongweni.
• Olunye ulwaziso oluchaziweyo okanye ingxaki yokutya (OSFED). Ngelixa ingafunyanwa kwi-DSM-5, oku kubandakanya nayiphi na eminye imiqathango eneempawu ezifanayo nezo zesifo sokutya kodwa ezingangeni kulo naliphi na kula macandelo angentla.

Ingxaki enye enokuthi iwele phantsi kwe-OSFED yi-orthorexia. Nangona kusanda kukhankanywa kwimithombo yeendaba nakwizifundo zesayensi, i-orthorexia kusafuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengengxaki yokutya eyahlukileyo yi-DSM yangoku.

Abantu abane-orthorexia bahlala bejolise ekutyeni okusempilweni, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuphazamisa ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Umzekelo, umntu ochaphazelekayo unokususa onke amaqela okutya, esoyika ukuba awaphili. Oku kungakhokelela kukungondleki, ukuncipha kakhulu, ubunzima bokutya ngaphandle kwekhaya, kunye noxinzelelo lweemvakalelo.

Abantu abane-orthorexia kunqabile ukuba bagxile ekunciphiseni ubunzima. Endaweni yoko, ukuzixabisa kwabo, isazisi, okanye ukoneliseka kuxhomekeke kwindlela abayithobela ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo yokutya abazibekele yona (15).

Isishwankathelo Ukuphazamiseka kokugula kunye nesifo sokutya ebusuku zizinto ezimbini ezongezelelweyo zokutya ezingachazwanga kakuhle okwangoku. Udidi lwe-OSFED lubandakanya zonke iingxaki zokutya, ezinje nge-orthorexia, ezingangeni kwelinye icandelo.

Umgca wezantsi

Ezi ndidi zilapha ngasentla zenzelwe ukubonelela ukuqonda okungcono kwezona ngxaki zixhaphakileyo zokutya kunye nokususa iintsomi malunga nazo.

Ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokutya ziimeko zempilo yengqondo ezihlala zifuna unyango. Zingaba zonakalise umzimba ukuba ziyekwe zinganyangwa.

Ukuba unengxaki yokutya okanye wazi umntu onokuba nayo, funa uncedo kugqirha okhetheke ekuphazamiseni ukutya.

Inqaku lomhleli: Eli qhekeza lapapashwa okokuqala ngo-Septemba 28, 2017. Umhla walo wokupapashwa kwangoku ubonisa ukuhlaziywa, okubandakanya ukuhlaziywa kwezokwelapha nguTimothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD.