Ixesha leFlu: Ukubaluleka kokufumana i-Flu Shot

Umxholo

• Usebenza njani umkhuhlane?
• Ngubani ofuna umkhuhlane?
• Abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu
• Ngubani ongafanele afumane umkhuhlane?
• Ukuphendula okungalunganga kwangaphambili
• Iqanda lokungabikho komzimba
• Ukunyangwa kwemercury
• Isifo seGuillain-Barré (GBS)
• Ifiva
• Ngaba zikhona iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kugonyo lomkhuhlane?
• Zeziphi izitofu zokugonya ezikhoyo?
• Umkhuhlane wethamo eliphezulu
• Umkhuhlane ongaphakathi ngaphakathi
• Isitofu sokugonya ngeempumlo
• Yise kude

Ngexesha lomkhuhlane kuthi ngexesha lobhubhane we-COVID-19, kubalulekile ngokuphindwe kabini ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana umkhuhlane.

Kunyaka oqhelekileyo, ixesha lomkhuhlane livela ekwindla ukuya ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ubude kunye nobukrakra bhubhane buyahluka. Abanye abantu abanethamsanqa banokufumana ixesha elingenamkhuhlane.

Kodwa zilungele ukungqongwa ngokuthimla nokukhohlela iinyanga ezimbalwa kunyaka ngamnye kunye nokuzikhetha uze ufune uvavanyo kwangoko xa kuvela naziphi na iimpawu.

Ngokutsho kwamaZiko okuLawula nokuLawulwa kwezifo (i-CDC), umkhuhlane uchaphazela phakathi kwabantu base-US ngamnye ngonyaka.

Iimpawu zomkhuhlane zihlala zibandakanya:

• ukukhohlela
• umkhuhlane (ayinguye wonke umntu onomkhuhlane oya kuba nomkhuhlane)
• intloko ebuhlungu
• iintlungu zomhlunu okanye zomzimba
• umqala obuhkungu
• i-runny okanye impumlo ehlohliweyo
• ukudinwa
• ukugabha kunye norhudo (oluqhelekileyo ebantwaneni kunabantu abadala)

Iimpawu eziza nomkhuhlane zinokukugcina ulala iveki okanye nangaphezulu. Isitofu sokugonya sonyaka somkhuhlane yeyona ndlela yokunceda ukukhusela umkhuhlane.

I-CDC ikholelwa ukuba iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane kunye nentsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19 iya kusasazeka ngexesha lokuwa nasebusika. Iimpawu zomkhuhlane zidibana kakhulu neempawu ze-COVID-19, ke isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane siya kubaluleka ngakumbi kunangaphambili.

Usebenza njani umkhuhlane?

Intsholongwane yomkhuhlane iyatshintsha kwaye iguqule unyaka nonyaka, yiyo loo nto ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukuyiphepha. Amachiza amatsha ayenziwa aze akhutshwe minyaka le ukuze ahambisane nolu tshintsho lukhawulezayo.

Ngaphambi kwexesha ngalinye lomkhuhlane, iingcali zezempilo zomdibaniso zichaza ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zomkhuhlane ezinokuthi zikhule. Iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane A no-B zezona zibangela ubhubhane wexesha elithile lonyaka. Basebenzisa olu qikelelo ukwazisa abavelisi ukuvelisa izitofu ezifanelekileyo.

Umkhuhlane womkhuhlane usebenza ngokukhuthaza amajoni akho omzimba ukuba avelise izilwa-buhlungu. Ngokulandelayo, ezi ntsholongwane zinceda umzimba ukulwa iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane ezikhoyo kugonyo.

Emva kokufumana umkhuhlane, kuthatha malunga neeveki ezi-2 ukuba ezi ntsholongwane zikhule ngokupheleleyo.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zomkhuhlane owukhuselayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo: ukulandelelana kunye ne-quadrivalent.

Ukukhusela ukukhusela kwiintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo ze-A kunye no-B. Isitofu sokugonya sedosi ephezulu sisithintelo esilinganayo.

Isitofu sokugonya esine-quadrivalent siyilelwe ukukhusela ngokuchasene neentsholongwane ezine ezijikeleza ngokuxhaphakileyo, iintsholongwane ezimbini zomkhuhlane A, kunye neentsholongwane ezimbini ze-influenza B.

I-CDC ayicebisi okwangoku enye kwenye. Jonga umboneleli wakho weinshurensi kunye nogqirha wakho ukufumana ingcebiso.

Ngubani ofuna umkhuhlane?

Abanye abantu banokuthi bathambekele ekufumaneni umkhuhlane kunabanye. Kungenxa yoko le nto iCDC icebisa ukuba wonke umntu oneenyanga ezintandathu ubudala okanye ngaphezulu agonyelwe umkhuhlane.

Iimbumbulu azikho iipesenti ezili-100 ezifanelekileyo ekukhuseleni umkhuhlane. Kodwa zezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuzikhusela kule ntsholongwane kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nayo.

Abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu

Amanye amaqela asemngciphekweni owandayo wokufumana umkhuhlane kunye nokuphuhlisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nomkhuhlane. Kubalulekile ukuba abantu abakula maqela anobungozi kakhulu bagonywe.

NgokweCDC, aba bantu babandakanya:

• abasetyhini abakhulelweyo nabasetyhini ukuya kuthi ga kwiiveki ezi-2 emva kokukhulelwa
• abantwana abaphakathi kweenyanga ezi-6 kunye neminyaka emihlanu ubudala
• abantu abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphantsi abafumana unyango lweasprini
• abantu abangaphezu kwama-65
• nabani na oneemeko ezinganyangekiyo
• abantu abanesisindo somzimba (BMI) ngama-40 okanye ngaphezulu
• AmaNdiya aseMelika okanye ama-Alaska Abemi
• nawuphina umntu ohlala okanye osebenza kwikhaya labantu abalupheleyo okanye kwiziko lokhathalelo olungapheliyo
• abanonopheli babaphi na aba bantu bangasentla

Iimeko zonyango ezingapheliyo ezinokunyusa umngcipheko weengxaki zibandakanya:

• umbefu
• iimeko ze-neurologic
• ukuphazamiseka kwegazi
• isifo esinganyangekiyo semiphunga
• iingxaki ze-endocrine
• isifo sentliziyo
• izifo zezintso
• ukuphazamiseka kwesibindi
• ukuphazamiseka komzimba
• abantu abatyebe kakhulu
• abantu abaye bahlaselwa sistroke
• abantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka ngenxa yezifo okanye amayeza

Ngokwe-CDC, abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka ye-19 abakunyango lwe-aspirin kunye nabantu abathatha amayeza e-steroid rhoqo kufuneka bagonywe.

Abasebenzi kwiindawo zoluntu banomngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni sesi sifo, ke ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bafumane ugonyo. Abantu abadibana rhoqo nabantu abasemngciphekweni njengabantu abadala kunye nabantwana kufuneka bagonywe.

Abo bantu baquka:

• ootitshala
• Abasebenzi bendawo yokugcina abantwana
• abasebenzi basesibhedlele
• abasebenzi bakarhulumente
• ababoneleli ngezempilo
• abasebenzi bamakhaya abalupheleyo kunye namaziko ononophelo olungapheliyo
• ababoneleli bamakhaya
• abasebenzi abaphendula ngokukhawuleza
• amalungu endlu yabantu kuloo misebenzi

Abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezikufutshane nabanye, njengabafundi beekholeji kunye namalungu omkhosi, basengozini enkulu yokuvezwa.

Ngubani ongafanele afumane umkhuhlane?

Abanye abantu akufuneki bafumane umkhuhlane ngenxa yezonyango. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile kuthi sonke ukuba siyifumane ukuze ikhusele umhlambi. Musa ukufumana umkhuhlane xa unemiqathango elandelayo.

Ukuphendula okungalunganga kwangaphambili

Abantu abaye basabela kakubi kwisitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane kwixesha elidlulileyo akufuneki bafumane umkhuhlane.

Iqanda lokungabikho komzimba

Abantu abagulayo kakhulu kumaqanda kufuneka bakuphephe ukugonyelwa umkhuhlane. Ukuba uthambile, thetha nogqirha wakho. Usenokufanelekela isitofu sokugonya.

Ukunyangwa kwemercury

Abantu abaphikisana ne-mercury akufanele bafumane ukudubula. Ezinye izitofu zokugonya umkhuhlane zinezixa ezimalunga nemekyuri ukukhusela ungcoliseko lwesitofu sokugonya.

Isifo seGuillain-Barré (GBS)

I-Guillain-Barré syndrome (i-GBS) sisiphumo esinqabileyo esecaleni esinokubakho emva kokufumana isitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane. Kubandakanya ukukhubazeka okwethutyana.

Ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu weengxaki kwaye une-GBS, usenokulungela iyeza lokugonya. Thetha nogqirha wakho ukuze unqume ukuba ungayifumana na.

Ifiva

Ukuba unomkhuhlane ngosuku lokugonywa, kuya kufuneka ulinde de ube uhambile ngaphambi kokufumana ifoto.

Ngaba zikhona iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kugonyo lomkhuhlane?

Ukudubula komkhuhlane kukhuselekile kubantu abaninzi. Abantu abaninzi ngokungalunganga bacinga ukuba isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane sinokubanika umkhuhlane. Awunakho ukufumana umkhuhlane kumkhuhlane.

Kodwa abanye abantu banokufumana iimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokufumana iyeza lokugonya.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokubakho zomkhuhlane zibandakanya:

• umkhuhlane ophantsi
• idumbile, ibomvu, indawo yethenda ejikeleze indawo yenaliti
• Ukugodola okanye intloko ebuhlungu

Ezi mpawu zinokwenzeka njengokuba umzimba wakho uphendula kwisitofu sokugonya kwaye wakha izilwa-buhlungu eziya kuthi zincedise ukuthintela ukugula. Iimpawu zihlala ziphakathi kwaye zihamba ngaphakathi kosuku okanye ezimbini.

Zeziphi izitofu zokugonya ezikhoyo?

Umkhuhlane womkhuhlane ufumaneka kwezinye iifom, kubandakanywa i-dose ephezulu, i-intradermal kunye ne-nasal spray.

Umkhuhlane wethamo eliphezulu

Ulawulo lwezoKutya kunye noLawulo lweziyobisi (i-FDA) luvumile iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane wethamo eliphezulu (iFluzone High-Dose) kubantu abangama-65 nangaphezulu.

Kuba impendulo yenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka ngenxa yobudala, iyeza lokugonya umkhuhlane rhoqo alisebenzi kwaba bantu. Basemngciphekweni omkhulu weengxaki ezinxulumene nomkhuhlane kunye nokufa.

Eli yeza lokugonya liqulathe amaxesha amane isixa seantianti xa kuthelekiswa nedosi eqhelekileyo. Iantigens zizinto zokugonya umkhuhlane ezithi zikhuthaze imveliso yamajoni omzimba yokulwa izifo, elwa intsholongwane yomkhuhlane.

Abanye baqinisekisa ukuba iyeza lokuthintela elinedosi ephezulu linokusebenza ngokukuko kokuthintela (RVE) kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu kunaleyo yeyeza lokuthintela eliqhelekileyo.

Umkhuhlane ongaphakathi ngaphakathi

I-FDA yamkele olunye uhlobo lwesitofu sokugonya, iFluzone Intradermal. Eli yeza lokugonya lelabantu abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-18 nengama-64 ubudala.

Umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo utofelwa kwiimisipha zengalo. Isitofu sokugonya se-intradermal sisebenzisa iinaliti ezincinci ezingena nje phantsi kolusu.

Iinaliti zingaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-90 kunezo zisetyenziselwa umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo. Oku kunokwenza isitofu sokugonya se-intradermal sikhethe ngokukhethekileyo ukuba uyoyika iinaliti.

Le ndlela isebenza ngokufanayo nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, kodwa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zixhaphake kakhulu. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuphendula okulandelayo kwindawo yenaliti:

• ukudumba
• bomvu
• Uburhabaxa
• ukucheba

Ngokwe-CDC, abanye abantu abafumana isitofu sokugonya se-intradermal banokufumana:

• intloko ebuhlungu
• iintlungu zemisipha
• ukudinwa

Ezi ziphumo zecala kufuneka zinyamalale kwiintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-7.

Isitofu sokugonya ngeempumlo

Ukuba uhlangabezana nale miqathango mithathu ilandelayo, unokulungelwa kwifom yokutshiza ngeempumlo yesitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane (i-LAIV FluMist):

• Awunazo iimeko zonyango ezingapheliyo.
• Awukhulelwe.
• Uphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 nengama-49 ubudala.
• Uyoyika iinaliti.

Ngokwe-CDC, isitshizi siphantse silingane nomkhuhlane wokudubula ngokusebenza kwawo.

Nangona kunjalo, abantu abathile akufuneki ukuba bafumane iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane kwifom yokutshiza ngeempumlo. NgokweCDC, aba bantu babandakanya:

• abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-2 ubudala
• abadala ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala
• abantu abanembali yokungaziphathi kakuhle kwizithako eziselugonyo
• abantwana abangaphantsi kwe-17 bafumana amayeza e-aspirin- okanye e-salicylate
• abantwana abaneminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-4 ubudala abane-asthma okanye imbali yokuphefumula kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo
• abantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka
• abantu ngaphandle kwepeni okanye ngepeni engasebenziyo
• abasetyhini abakhulelweyo
• abantu abanokuvuza okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-fluid ye-cerebrospinal kunye nomlomo, impumlo, indlebe, okanye ukakayi
• abantu abane-cochlear implants
• abantu abathathe umkhuhlane amachiza antiviral kwiintsuku ezili-17 ezidlulileyo

Abantu abakhathalela abantu abagonyelwe ngokungaginyisi mathe abafuna imeko-bume ekhuselweyo kufuneka bakuphephe ukunxibelelana nabo kangangeentsuku ezisi-7 emva kokufumana isitofu sokutofa ngeempumlo.

Nabani na onale miqathango uyalumkiswa malunga nokuthatha isitofu sokutofa ngeempumlo:

• Isifo sombefu kubantu abaneminyaka emi-5 nangaphezulu
• iimeko zonyango ezingaphantsi komngcipheko ophezulu weengxaki zomkhuhlane
• ukugula kakhulu okanye ngaphandle komkhuhlane
• I-Guillain-Barré syndrome kwiiveki ezi-6 emva kwethamo langaphambili lokugonya umkhuhlane

Ukuba umntwana wakho uphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwesi-8 kwaye akazange afumane iyeza lokugonya umkhuhlane, kufuneka afumane iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane ngeempumlo kwangoko. Kungenxa yokuba baya kufuna idosi yesibini kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kweyokuqala.

Yise kude

Umkhuhlane wexesha lokudubula ngexesha lokuwa kwangoko yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokukhusela umkhuhlane, ngakumbi xa i-COVID-19 isengozini. Kuyenzeka ukuba ube nazo zombini ngaxeshanye, ke ukunyamekela ngenkuthalo kuyafuneka njengoko ixesha lomkhuhlane linyuka.

Akukho siqinisekiso sokuba ukufumana iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane kuya kukuthintela ekufumaneni umkhuhlane, kodwa uphononongo lubonakalisile ukuba lunokubunciphisa ubunzima besifo ukuba ulufumene.

Unokucwangcisa ixesha lokuqeshwa ukuze ufumane umkhuhlane kwi-ofisi kagqirha wakho okanye kwiklinikhi yendawo. Iifluji zomkhuhlane ziyafumaneka ngokubanzi ezikhemesti nakwiivenkile zokutya, ngaphandle kokuqeshwa okuyimfuneko.

Amanye amaziko ebekade enikezela ngezitofu zokugonya zomkhuhlane, ezinjengeendawo zokusebenzela, zingenakho ngenxa yokuvalwa kwe-COVID-19. Fowunela phambili ukuba awuqinisekanga.