I-Leishmaniasis

Umxholo

• Zithini iintlobo ze-leishmaniasis?
• I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo
• I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Yintoni ebangela i-leishmaniasis?
• Ngubani osemngciphekweni we-leishmaniasis?
• IJografi
• Iimeko zoqoqosho lwentlalo
• Ezinye izifo
• Ziintoni iimpawu ze-leishmaniasis?
• I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo
• I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Ifunyaniswa njani i-leishmaniasis?
• Ukuchonga i-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo
• Ukuchonga i-visceral leishmaniasis
• Luthini unyango lwe-leishmaniasis?
• I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo
• I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Zeziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ze-leishmaniasis?
• Ndingayithintela njani i-leishmaniasis?
• Ithini imbono yexesha elide?

Yintoni leishmaniasis?

I-Leishmaniasis sisifo esifunxayo esibangelwa yi I-Leishmania sisidleleleli. Esi sifunxi-gazi sihlala kwiimpukane zesanti ezosulelekileyo. I-leishmaniasis unokuyiluma ngenxa yokulunywa yimpukane enesifo.

Iimpukane zentlabathi ezithwala izifunxi-gazi zihlala kwimo yetropiki nakwiindawo eziphantsi kwetropiki. Iindyikityha zokubulala ziye zenzeka kwiindawo zaseAsia, eMpuma Afrika naseMzantsi Merika.

Imimandla echaphazelekayo ihlala ikude kwaye ingazinzanga, inezinto ezinqongopheleyo zokunyanga esi sifo. Oogqirha Ngaphandle kweMida babiza i-leishmaniasis sesinye sezifo ezinobungozi ezingakhathalelwanga. Umbutho ukwasitsho ukuba esi sifo sesesibini emva kwesifo seengcongconi kwizizathu ezibulalayo zokufa.

Zithini iintlobo ze-leishmaniasis?

ILeishmaniasis iza ngeendlela ezintathu: ukusikwa, ukubonwa, kunye nokuchama. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze I-Leishmania izifunxi-gazi zinxulunyaniswa nefom nganye. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba zimalunga nama-20 I-Leishmania iintlobo ezinokudlulisela esi sifo ebantwini.

I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo

I-leishmaniasis esisikiweyo ibangela izilonda kulusu lwakho. Yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo ye-leishmaniasis. Unyango alunakusoloko luyimfuneko ngokuxhomekeke emntwini, kodwa lunokukhawulezisa ukuphilisa kunye nokukhusela iingxaki.

I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo

Uhlobo olunqabileyo lwesifo, i-leishmaniasis ye-mucocutaneous ibangelwa luhlobo lwe-parasite kwaye lunokwenzeka kwiinyanga ezininzi emva kokuba izilonda zesikhumba zipholile.

Ngolu hlobo lwe-leishmaniasis, i-parasites isasazeka kwimpumlo, emqaleni nasemlonyeni. Oku kunokukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni ngokungagqibelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo inwebu yangaphakathi kwezi ndawo.

Nangona i-leishmaniasis ye-mucocutaneous ihlala ithathwa njengesiqwengana se-leishmaniasis esisikiweyo, ibaxekileyo. Ayiziphilisi iyodwa kwaye ihlala ifuna unyango.

Visceral leishmaniasis

I-visisceral leishmaniasis ngamanye amaxesha yaziwa ngokuba yi-systemic leishmaniasis okanye i-kala azar.

Ihlala ikho kwiinyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezisibhozo emva kokulunywa yimpukane yesanti. Konakalisa amalungu angaphakathi, anjengepeni yakho kunye nesibindi. Ikwachaphazela umongo wethambo lakho, kunye nenkqubo yomzimba wakho yokonakalisa la malungu.

Imeko iphantse ibulale ukuba ayinyangwa.

Yintoni ebangela i-leishmaniasis?

ILeishmaniasis ngenxa yeeprotozoan parasites ezivela kwi I-Leishmania iintlobo. Ufumana i-leishmaniasis ngokulunywa yimpukane yesanti eyosulelekileyo.

Isidleleleli siphila kwaye siphindaphinde ngaphakathi kwempukane yesanti yabasetyhini. Esi sinambuzane sisebenza kakhulu kwindawo ezinomswakama ngeenyanga ezifudumeleyo nasebusuku, ukusuka ngorhatya kude kuse. Izilwanyana zasekhaya, ezinjengezinja, zinokusebenza njengendawo yokugcina izilwanyana. Unikezelo lunokwenzeka ukusuka kwisilwanyana ukuya kwisanti ukubhabha uye ebantwini.

Abantu banokudlulisa i-parasite phakathi komnye nomnye ngokusebenzisa igazi okanye iinaliti ezabelwana ngazo. Kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi, ukuhanjiswa kusenokwenzeka ukusuka ebantwini ukuya kwisanti kubhabha kuye ebantwini.

Ngubani osemngciphekweni we-leishmaniasis?

IJografi

Esi sifo sifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni ngaphandle kwase-Australia nase-Antarctica. Nangona kunjalo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-95 zamatyala okusikwa kwenzeka kwi:

• eMelika
• Umbindi weAsia
• isitya seMeditera
• kuMbindi Mpuma

Ngo-2015 ngaphezulu kwamatyala e-visceral enzeka ngo:

• Brazil
• Yuthophiya
• Indiya
• Khenya
• Somaliya
• EMazantsi eSudan
• Sudan

Ukuba uhlala okanye uhamba kwiindawo ezitshisayo okanye ezifudumeleyo zala mazwe kunye nemimandla, usengozini ephezulu kakhulu yokufumana isifo. Izinto ezisingqongileyo kunye nemozulu zinempembelelo enkulu ekusasazeni isifo.

Iimeko zoqoqosho lwentlalo

Ngokwentlupheko, yinto ebangela esi sifo. Ukongeza, i-leishmaniasis ihlala yenzeka kwiindawo apho kuqheleke khona ezi meko zilandelayo:

• ukungondleki
• indlala
• ukunqongophala kwezixhobo zemali
• ukufuduka okukhulu kwabantu okubangelwa kukuhlala kwabantu ezidolophini, iimeko zongxamiseko, imfazwe, utshintsho kwezendalo kunye notshintsho lwemozulu

Ezinye izifo

Abantu ababuthathaka amajoni omzimba abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wale meko.

Intsholongwane kaGawulayo inokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwe-leishmaniasis kwaye yonyuse umngcipheko we-visceral leishmaniasis. Intsholongwane kaGawulayo kunye ne-leishmaniasis zichaphazela iiseli ezifanayo zomzimba.

Abantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo nabo bosulelwe yi-leishmaniasis. Kwiindawo zase-Ethiopia, kuqikelelwa ukuba uninzi lwabantu abane-leishmaniasis bane-HIV nabo.

Ziintoni iimpawu ze-leishmaniasis?

Abantu banokuphatha ezinye iintlobo ze I-Leishmania ixesha elide ngaphandle kokugula. Iimpawu zixhomekeke kwifom yesi sifo.

I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo

Olona phawu luphambili lwale meko zizilonda zolusu ezingenazintlungu. Iimpawu ezinqamlezileyo zinokubonakala kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokulunywa yimpukane enesanti. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha iimpawu azizukuvela iinyanga okanye iminyaka.

I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo

Kubantu abanesimo se-mucocutaneous sesifo, iimpawu zihlala zibonakala kunyaka omnye ukuya kwemihlanu emva kwezilonda zolusu. Ezi ikakhulu zizilonda emilonyeni nasemakhaleni okanye emilebeni.

Ezinye iimpawu zingabandakanya:

• impumlo egudileyo okanye exineneyo
• impumlo
• ubunzima bokuphefumla

Visceral leishmaniasis

Iimpawu zihlala zingabonakali kwiinyanga emva kokulunywa ngolu hlobo lwe-leishmaniasis. Uninzi lweziganeko lubonakala kwiinyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezintandathu emva kokuba usulelo lwenzekile. Iimpawu kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya:

• ukuhla ukusinda
• ubuthathaka
• umkhuhlane oqhubeka iiveki okanye iinyanga
• ipeni eyandisiweyo
• isibindi esandisiweyo
• ukuhla kwemveliso yeeseli zegazi
• ukopha
• ezinye izifo
• ukudumba kwamalungu enkovu

Ifunyaniswa njani i-leishmaniasis?

Kubalulekile ukuxelela ugqirha wakho ukuba uhlala okanye undwendwele indawo apho i-leishmaniasis iqhelekileyo. Ngale ndlela ugqirha wakho uya kukwazi ukuvavanya i-parasite. Ukuba une-leishmaniasis, ugqirha wakho uya kusebenzisa ezinye iimvavanyo ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ze- I-Leishmania ngunobangela.

Ukuchonga i-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo

Ugqirha wakho unokuthatha inani elincinci lolusu kwi-biopsy ngokukrwela esinye sezilonda. Baza kuhlala bejonga i-DNA, okanye into yemfuza, yesidleleli. Banokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga iintlobo zeparasite ebangela usulelo.

Ukuchonga i-visceral leishmaniasis

Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu abakhumbuli ukulunywa yimpukane yesanti. Oku kunokwenza ukuba imeko leyo ibenzima ukuyifumanisa.

Imbali yokuphila okanye yokuhambela kwindawo ye-leishmaniasis iluncedo. Ugqirha wakho unokuqala ukwenza uvavanyo lomzimba ukukhangela ipeni eyandisiweyo okanye isibindi. Banokwenza i-biopsy yomongo wethambo okanye bathathe isampulu yegazi yoviwo.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zovavanyo olukhethekileyo lunceda ekuchongeni isifo. Amachiza okhethekileyo emongo wethambo anokunceda ekuchongeni iiseli zomzimba ezisulelwe sisidleleli.

Luthini unyango lwe-leishmaniasis?

Amachiza antiparasite, anje nge-amphotericin B (Ambisome) ayinyanga le meko. Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ezinye iindlela zonyango olusekwe kuhlobo lwe-leishmaniasis onayo.

I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo

Izilonda ezisikiweyo zihlala ziphilisa ngaphandle konyango. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lunokukhawulezisa ukuphilisa, ukunciphisa ukonakala, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhubeka kwesifo. Nasiphi na isilonda solusu esibangela ukonakala kunokufuna utyando lweplastiki.

I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo

Ezi zilonda aziphili ngokwendalo. Bahlala befuna unyango. I-Liposomal amphotericin B kunye neparomomycin inokunyanga leishmaniasis ye-mucocutaneous.

Visceral leishmaniasis

Isifo seVisceral sihlala sifuna unyango. Amayeza aliqela ayafumaneka. Amayeza aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa aquka isodium stibogluconate (Pentostam), amphotericin B, paromomycin, and miltefosine (Impavido).

Zeziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ze-leishmaniasis?

Iingxaki ze-leishmaniasis ezinqamlezileyo zinokubandakanya:

• ukopha
• ezinye izifo ngenxa yokomelela komzimba, nto leyo enokusongela ubomi
• ukonakala komzimba

I-visceral leishmaniasis ihlala ibulala ngenxa yeziphumo ezinazo kumalungu angaphakathi omzimba nakwisistim somzimba. Ukuba une-HIV okanye i-AIDS, usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana esi sifo. Ukuba ne-HIV okanye i-AIDS nako kunokuba nzima kwinkqubo ye-leishmaniasis, kunye nonyango.

Ndingayithintela njani i-leishmaniasis?

Akukho sitofu sokugonya okanye seprophylactic. Ekuphela kwendlela yokuthintela i-leishmaniasis kukuphepha ukulunywa yimpukane yentlabathi.

Landela la manyathelo ukunceda ukuthintela ukulunywa yimpukane yesanti:

• Nxiba impahla egubungela ulusu kangangoko. Iibhulukhwe ezinde, iihempe ezinemikhono emide ezifakwe kwiibhlukhwe, kunye neekawusi eziphezulu ziyacetyiswa.
• Sebenzisa izinto zokugxotha izinambuzane nakoluphi na ulusu olutyhilekileyo nasekupheleni kwebhulukhwe nemikhono yakho. Eyona nto iphambili ekugxothweni kwezinambuzane ine-DEET.
• Tshiza iindawo zokulala zangaphakathi ngesibulali zinambuzane.
• Lala kwimigangatho ephezulu yesakhiwo. Izinambuzane zizinto ezindizayo ezihamba kakubi.
• Gwema ukuphuma ngaphandle phakathi kokuhlwa nokusa. Kulapho iimpukane zesanti zisebenza kakhulu.
• Sebenzisa izikrini kunye nomoya ngaphakathi ngaphakathi xa kunokwenzeka. Ukusebenzisa iifeni kungenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba izinambuzane zibhabhe.
• Sebenzisa umnatha webhedi ofakwe kumatrasi wakho. Iimpukane zesanti zincinci kakhulu kuneengcongconi, ngenxa yoko ufuna umnatha owomeleleyo. Tshiza umnatha ngesinambuzane esinepyrethroid ukuba kunokwenzeka.

Thenga iinethi zokulala, izinambuzane zokubulala izinambuzane kunye nezinto zokugxotha ngaphambi kokuya kwiindawo ezinobungozi.

Ithini imbono yexesha elide?

Izilonda zinokubangela amanxeba asisigxina kunye nokonakala. Unyango lunokubunciphisa ubunzima bazo.

Amayeza anokunyanga esi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lusebenza kakhulu xa luqala ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo omkhulu kumzimba wakho wokuzikhusela.

I-visceral leishmaniasis ihlala ibulala kwisithuba seminyaka emibini ukuba ayinyangwa ngokufanelekileyo.