Iqhenqa

Umxholo

• Ziintoni iimpawu zeqhenqa?
• Linjani iqhenqa?
• Linwenwa njani iqhenqa?
• Zeziphi iintlobo zeqhenqa?
• 1. Iqhenqa lesifo sephepha vs. iqhenqa elinesifo sokuqatha nxamnye neqhenqa lomda
• 2.Ulwahlulo loMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO)
• 3. Udidi lweRidley-Jopling
• Lichongwa njani iqhenqa?
• Liphathwa njani iqhenqa?
• Zeziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho kwiqhenqa?
• Ndingaluthintela njani kwiqhenqa?
• Ithini imbonakalo yexesha elide?
• Imithombo yenqaku

Yintoni iqhenqa?

Iqhenqa sisifo esingapheliyo, esiqhubela phambili esibangelwa yintsholongwane Mycobacterium leprae. Ichaphazela ikakhulu imithambo-luvo yemida, ulusu, ulusu lwempumlo, kunye nomphezulu wokuphefumla. Iqhenqa likwabizwa ngokuba sisifo sikaHansen.

Iqhenqa livelisa izilonda kulusu, ukonakala kwethambo, kunye nobuthathaka bemisipha. Ukuba ayinyangwa, inokubangela ukonakala kakhulu kunye nokukhubazeka okubonakalayo.

Iqhenqa sesinye sezifo ezindala kwimbali ebhaliweyo. Isalathiso sokuqala esibhaliweyo esibhaliweyo seqhenqa sivela malunga ne-600 BC

Iqhenqa lixhaphakile kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi lawo aneendawo ezinemozulu yetropiki. Akuqhelekanga kakhulu eUnited States. Iingxelo zokuba kuphela ngama-150 ukuya kuma-250 amatyala amatsha afunyanwa e-United States minyaka le.

Ziintoni iimpawu zeqhenqa?

Iimpawu eziphambili zeqhenqa zibandakanya:

• ubuthathaka bemisipha
• Ukuba ndindisholo ezandleni, ezingalweni, ezinyaweni, nasemilenzeni
• izilonda zolusu

Izilonda zesikhumba zikhokelela ekunciphiseni uvakalelo lokuchukumisa, iqondo lobushushu, okanye iintlungu. Abapholi, kwanasemva kweeveki ezininzi. Zikhaphu khaphu kunethoni yesiqhelo yesikhumba okanye zinokuba bomvu kukudumba.

Linjani iqhenqa?

Linwenwa njani iqhenqa?

Ibhaktiriya Mycobacterium leprae kubangela iqhenqa. Kucingelwa ukuba iqhenqa lisasazeka ngokudibana ne-mucosal secretions yomntu onesifo. Oku kudla ngokwenzeka xa umntu oneqhenqa ethimla okanye ekhohlela.

Esi sifo asosuleli kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusondela, ukuphinda-phinda ukudibana nomntu onganyangekiyo ixesha elide kunokukhokelela ekufumaneni iqhenqa.

Intsholongwane ebangela iqhenqa iphindaphindeka kancinci. Esi sifo sinethuba lokufukama (ixesha eliphakathi kosulelo kunye nokubonakala kweempawu zokuqala) ze, ngokwe-World Health Organisation (WHO).

Iimpawu zisenokungabonakali kangangesithuba seminyaka engama-20.

Ngokwe-New England Journal of Medicine, i-armadillo eyinzalelwane yomazantsi e-United States nase-Mexico nayo inokusithwala esi sifo nokusidlulisela ebantwini.

Zeziphi iintlobo zeqhenqa?

Zintathu iinkqubo zokuhlela iqhenqa.

1. Iqhenqa lesifo sephepha vs. iqhenqa elinesifo sokuqatha nxamnye neqhenqa lomda

Inkqubo yokuqala iqaphela iintlobo ezintathu zeqhenqa: isifo sephepha, isifo seqhenqa, kunye nomda. Impendulo yomzimba womntu kwesi sifo ichaza ukuba loluphi uhlobo lweqhenqa abanalo:

• Kwiqhenqa le-tuberculoid, impendulo yomzimba ilungile. Umntu onolu hlobo losulelo ubonakalisa izilonda ezimbalwa. Esi sifo sinobulali kwaye siyosulela kancinane.
• Kwiqhenqa eliqhenqethayo, amajoni omzimba akalunganga. Olu hlobo luchaphazela ulusu, imithambo-luvo kunye namanye amalungu. Kukho izilonda ezibanzi, kubandakanya amaqhuqhuva (amaqhuma amakhulu kunye namaqhuma). Olu hlobo lwesifo luyosulela ngakumbi.
• Kwiqhenqa lomda, kukho iimpawu zeklinikhi zombini isifo sephepha kunye neqhenqa. Olu hlobo luthathwa njengoluphakathi kwezinye iintlobo ezimbini.

2.Ulwahlulo loMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO)

isifo esekwe kuhlobo kunye nenani leendawo ezichaphazelekayo zolusu:

• Udidi lokuqala ngu paucibacillary. Zintlanu okanye zimbalwa izilonda kwaye akukho bhaktiriya ifunyenweyo kwiisampulu zolusu.
• Udidi lwesibini ngu multibacillary. Kukho izilonda ezingaphezu kwesihlanu, intsholongwane ibhaqiwe kulusu lwesikhohlela, okanye zombini.

3. Udidi lweRidley-Jopling

Izifundo zeklinikhi zisebenzisa inkqubo yeRidley-Jopling. Inokwahlulwa ezintlanu ngokusekwe kubukhali beempawu.

Kukwakho nefomu yeqhenqa ekuthiwa liqhenqa elingapheliyo elingafakwanga kwinkqubo yokuhlelwa kweRidley-Jopling. Kucingelwa ukuba luhlobo lweqhenqa lokuqala kakhulu apho umntu aya kuba nesilonda esinye kuphela solusu esikufutshane kancinci ukubamba.

Iqhenqa elingapheliyo linokusombulula okanye liqhubele phambili liye kwelinye lazo ezintlanu zeqhenqa ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yeRidley-Jopling.

Lichongwa njani iqhenqa?

Ugqirha wakho uya kuqhuba uvavanyo lomzimba ukuze akhangele iimpawu kunye neempawu zesifo. Kananjalo baya kwenza i-biopsy apho basusa iqhekeza elincinci lolusu okanye imithambo-luvo bayithumele elebhu kuvavanyo.

Ugqirha wakho usenokuvavanya ulusu lweqhenqa ukumisela uhlobo lweqhenqa. Bayakutofa inani elincinci lebhakteria ebangela iqhenqa, ebingasebenzi, kulusu, ngesiqhelo kwingalo ephezulu.

Abantu abaneqhenqa lesifo sephepha okanye umda weqhenqa lesifo sephepha baya kuba neziphumo ezilungileyo kwindawo yenaliti.

Liphathwa njani iqhenqa?

Ngo-1995 kwaqulunqwa u-WHO ukuze anyange zonke iintlobo zeqhenqa. Ifumaneka simahla kwihlabathi liphela.

Ukongeza, ii-antibiotics ezininzi zinyanga iqhenqa ngokubulala ibacteria ebangela oko. Ezi zintsholongwane zibandakanya:

• idapsone (Aczone)
• irifampin (Rifadin)
• i-clofazimine (i-Lamprene)
• i-minocycline (iMinocin)
• ofloxacin (Ocuflux)

Ugqirha wakho unokumisela ngaphezu kweyodwa i-antibiotic ngexesha elinye.

Banokufuna ukuba uthathe iyeza lokuthomalalisa njenge-aspirin (Bayer), i-prednisone (i-Rayos), okanye i-thalidomide (i-Thalomid). Unyango luya kuhlala iinyanga kwaye mhlawumbi ukuya kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 iminyaka.

Akufanele uthathe i-thalidomide xa ukhulelwe okanye unokukhulelwa. Inokuvelisa iziphene ezinzima zokuzalwa.

Zeziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho kwiqhenqa?

Ukuchaphazeleka kwesifo kunye nonyango kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu. Oku kunokubandakanya:

• ukonakala komzimba
• ukulahleka kweenwele, ngakumbi kumashiya kunye neenkophe
• ubuthathaka bemisipha
• ukulimala okungapheliyo kweengalo kunye nemilenze
• ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa izandla neenyawo
• Ukuxinana okungapheliyo kwempumlo, ukuphuma kweempumlo, kunye nokuwa kwethambo lempumlo
• Iiritis, kukudumba kwe-iris yamehlo
• i-glaucoma, isifo samehlo esibangela ukonakala kwithambo le-optic
• ubumfama
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile (ED)
• ukungachumi
• ukusilela kwezintso

Ndingaluthintela njani kwiqhenqa?

Eyona ndlela yokuthintela iqhenqa kukuthintela ukudibana ixesha elide kunye nomntu onganyangwa onosulelo.

Ithini imbonakalo yexesha elide?

Imbono iyonke ibhetele ukuba ugqirha wakho uxilonga iqhenqa ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba libe qatha. Unyango lwakwangoko luthintela ukonakala okungaphezulu komzimba, luyekise ukusasazeka kwesi sifo, kwaye kuthintele iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu.

Imbonakalo iba mandundu ngakumbi xa isifo sifumaneka kwinqanaba eliphambili, emva kokuba umntu enokukhubazeka okanye ukukhubazeka. Nangona kunjalo, unyango olufanelekileyo lusafuneka ukuthintela nawuphina umonakalo ongaphezulu komzimba kunye nokuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kwabanye.

Kunokubakho iingxaki ezisisigxina zonyango ngaphandle kwendlela enempumelelo yezibulala-ntsholongwane, kodwa ugqirha wakho uya kuba nakho ukusebenza nawe ukubonelela ngononophelo olufanelekileyo ukuze akuncede ukwazi ukumelana nokulawula nayiphi na imeko yentsalela.

Imithombo yenqaku

• Anand PP, okqhubekayo. (2014). Iqhenqa elihle: Obunye ubuso besifo sikaHansen! Uphengululo. INGXELO: 10.1016 / j.ejcdt.2014.04.005
• Ukuhlelwa kweqhenqa. (nd).
• IGaschignard J, et al. (2016). Iqhenqa lePauci- kunye ne-multibacillary: Izifo ezibini ezahlukileyo, ezingafakwanga ngokwemfuza.
• Iqhenqa. (2018).
• Iqhenqa. (nd). https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/leprosy/
• Iqhenqa (isifo sikaHansen). (nd). https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/CG/english/leprosy-hansens-disease-16689690.html
• Iqhenqa: Unyango. (nd). http://www.searo.who.int/entity/leprosy/topics/the_treatment
• IPardillo FEF, et al. (2007). Iindlela zokuhlelwa kweqhenqa ngeenjongo zonyango. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/8/1096/298106
• UScollard D, et al. (2018). Iqhenqa: I-Epidemiology, i-microbiology, ukubonakaliswa kweklinikhi, kunye nokuxilongwa. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leprosy-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
• UTierney D, et al. (2018). Iqhenqa. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/mycobacteria/leprosy
• UTruman RW, et al. (2011). Iqhenqa elinokubakho kwi-zoonotic kumazantsi eUnited States. INGXELO: 10.1056 / NEJMoa1010536
• Siyintoni isifo sikaHansen? (2017).
• Unyango lweziyobisi ezininzi. (nd).