Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokuchaneka kovavanyo lwe-HIV

Umxholo

• Zichane kangakanani iimvavanyo ze-HIV?
• Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo oluchanekileyo?
• Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo ezingezizo?
• Zeziphi iintlobo zovavanyo lwe-HIV ezikhoyo?
• Uvavanyo lwe-Antibody
• Uvavanyo lwe-antigen / antibody
• Uvavanyo lwe-Nucleic acid (NAT)
• Ngaba kufuneka ndivavanywe?
• Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uvavanyo luthi unayo?
• Ukuthatha

Ushwankathelo

Ukuba usandula kuvavanyelwa i-HIV, okanye ucinga ngokuvavanywa, usenokuba nexhala malunga nokufumana iziphumo zovavanyo ezingachanekanga.

Ngeendlela ezikhoyo zokuvavanya i-HIV, ukuxilongwa okungachanekanga akuqhelekanga. Kodwa kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, abanye abantu bafumana isiphumo sobuxoki okanye esingalunganga emva kokuvavanyelwa i-HIV.

Ngokubanzi, kuthatha iimvavanyo ezininzi ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo i-HIV. Iziphumo zovavanyo ezithi unayo i-HIV ziya kufuna uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo. Ngamanye amaxesha, isiphumo esibi sokuvavanywa kwe-HIV sinokufuna uvavanyo olongezelelweyo.

Funda ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuchaneka kovavanyo lwe-HIV, ukuba lusebenza njani uvavanyo, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo ezikhoyo.

Zichane kangakanani iimvavanyo ze-HIV?

Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo zangoku ze-HIV zichaneke kakhulu. Ukuchaneka kovavanyo lwe-HIV kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya:

• uhlobo lovavanyo olusetyenzisiweyo
• umntu uvavanywa msinyane kangakanani emva kokuba esesichengeni seHIV
• uphendula njani umzimba womntu kwi-HIV

Xa umntu efumana i-HIV okokuqala, usulelo luthathwa ngokuba lubi. Ngexesha lesigaba esibuhlungu, kunzima ukufumanisa. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iba yinto engapheliyo kwaye kube lula ukuyichonga kuvavanyo.

Zonke iimvavanyo ze-HIV "zinefestile." Eli lixesha lexesha eliphakathi kokuba umntu achanabeke kwintsholongwane kwaye xa uvavanyo lunokubona ubukho bayo emzimbeni wakhe. Ukuba umntu one-HIV uvavanyiwe phambi kokuba kudlule ixesha lefestile, unokuvelisa iziphumo ezingezizo zobuxoki.

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV luchaneke ngakumbi ukuba luthathwe emva kokuba ixesha lefestile lidlulile. Ezinye iintlobo zovavanyo zinamaxesha amafutshane efestile kunezinye. Banokuyifumana i-HIV kwakamsinya emva kokuvezwa kwintsholongwane.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo oluchanekileyo?

Isiphumo sokuba une-HIV senzeka xa umntu ongenayo i-HIV efumana iziphumo ezincumisayo emva kokuvavanyelwa intsholongwane.

Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba abasebenzi belebhu babhala gwenxa okanye ngokungafanelekanga baphathe isampulu yovavanyo. Inokwenzeka kwakhona ukuba umntu uzitolika gwenxa iziphumo zovavanyo. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphononongo lokugonya lwe-HIV lwakutsha nje okanye ukuhlala neemeko ezithile zonyango kusenokukhokelela kwiziphumo zovavanyo lwe-HIV.

Ukuba ngaba iziphumo zokuqala zovavanyo ze-HIV zithi unayo, umboneleli wezempilo uya kuyalela ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo olulandelayo. Oku kuya kubanceda bafunde ukuba iziphumo zokuqala zichanekile okanye zichanekile.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo ezingezizo?

Iziphumo ezingezizo ezingezizo zenzeka xa umntu one-HIV efumana iziphumo ebezingalunganga emva kokuvavanywa kwale meko. Iziphumo ezingalunganga aziqhelekanga kuneziphumo ezibubuxoki, nangona zombini zinqabile.

Iziphumo ezingezizo ezingezizo zinokwenzeka ukuba umntu uvavanywa kwakamsinyane kakhulu emva kokuba efumene i-HIV. Uvavanyo lwe-HIV luchanekile kuphela emva kokuba ixesha elithile lidlulile okoko umntu wabhencwa kwintsholongwane. Eli xesha lefestile liyahluka kuhlobo olunye lovavanyo ukuya kolunye.

Ukuba umntu uvavanyelwa i-HIV kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuchaphazeleka kwintsholongwane kwaye iziphumo zibe zibi, iSebe lezeMpilo laseMelika kunye neNkonzo zoLuntu licebisa ukuba uphinde uvavanywe kwiinyanga ezintathu.

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen / anti-antibody, ukuphinda kwenziwe uvavanyo kunokwenziwa kwakamsinya, malunga neentsuku ezingama-45 emva kokukrokrelwa ukubhencwa kwi-HIV. Oku kuya kunceda ekuboneni ukuba ngaba iziphumo zovavanyo zokuqala zichanekile okanye zichanekile.

Zeziphi iintlobo zovavanyo lwe-HIV ezikhoyo?

Iindidi zovavanyo ziyafumaneka kwi-HIV. Uhlobo ngalunye lovavanyo luhlola iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane. Ezinye iintlobo zovavanyo zinokufumanisa intsholongwane kwakamsinya kunezinye.

Uvavanyo lwe-Antibody

Uninzi lweemvavanyo ze-HIV luvavanyo lwe-antibody. Xa umzimba uchanabeke kwintsholongwane okanye kwintsholongwane, amajoni omzimba avelisa izilwa-buhlungu. Uvavanyo lwe-antibody ye-HIV lunokubona ii-antibodies ze-HIV egazini okanye ematheni.

Ukuba umntu ufumene intsholongwane kaGawulayo, kuthatha ixesha ukuba umzimba uvelise izilwa-buhlungu ezoneleyo ukuze zifunyanwe kuvavanyo lomzimba. Uninzi lwabantu lukhula kumanqanaba omzimba omzimba omzimba kwisithuba seeveki ezintathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini emva kokosuleleka yintsholongwane kaGawulayo.

Olunye uvavanyo lwe-antibody ye-HIV lwenziwa kwigazi elitsalwe emthanjeni. Ukwenza olu hlobo lovavanyo lwe-antibody, ugqirha wokhathalelo lwempilo unokutsala isampulu yegazi kwaye ayithumele kwilebhu yohlalutyo. Kungathatha iintsuku ezininzi ukubakho kweziphumo.

Olunye uvavanyo lwe-antibody ye-HIV lwenziwa kwigazi eliqokelelwe ngokucofa iminwe okanye ngamathe. Ezinye zezi mvavanyo zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwiklinikhi okanye ekhaya. Iziphumo zovavanyo olukhawulezileyo lomzimba ziyafumaneka kwisithuba semizuzu engama-30. Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo ezivela kwigazi elinemithambo-luvo zinokuyifumana i-HIV kwakamsinya kunezo zenziwe kumnwe okanye kumathe.

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen / antibody

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen / antibody lwe-HIV lukwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo oludibeneyo okanye uvavanyo lwesizukulwane sesine. Olu hlobo lovavanyo lunokubona iiproteni (okanye iiantigen) ezivela kwi-HIV, kunye neentsholongwane ze-HIV.

Ukuba umntu ufumana i-HIV, intsholongwane iyakuvelisa iprotein eyaziwa ngokuba yi-p24 phambi kokuba amajoni omzimba avelise izilwa-buhlungu. Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo lwe-antigen / antibody lunokuyifumana intsholongwane ngaphambi kovavanyo lwe-antibody.

Uninzi lwabantu luphuhlisa amanqanaba abonakalayo e-p24 antigen kwiintsuku ezili-13 ukuya kwezingama-42 (malunga neeveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-6) emva kokufumana i-HIV. Abanye abantu, ixesha lefestile linokuba lide.

Ukwenza uvavanyo lwe-antigen / antibody, ingcali yezempilo inokuzoba isampulu yegazi ukuba ithumele kwilebhu yovavanyo. Iziphumo zingathabatha iintsuku ezininzi ukubuya.

Uvavanyo lwe-Nucleic acid (NAT)

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV nucleic acid (NAT) lukwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lwe-HIV RNA. Iyakwazi ukubona izinto zemvelo ezivela kwintsholongwane egazini.

Ngokubanzi, i-NAT inokuyifumana intsholongwane ngaphambi kovavanyo lwe-antibody okanye antigen / antibody. Uninzi lwabantu banamanqanaba okubonakala kwintsholongwane egazini labo kwiintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezingama-28 emva kokufumana i-HIV.

Nangona kunjalo, i-NAT ibiza kakhulu kwaye ayisetyenziswanga kuvavanyo lwe-HIV. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umboneleli wezempilo akazukuyalela ngaphandle kokuba umntu sele efumene iziphumo zovavanyo oluqinisekileyo kwi-HIV antibody okanye uvavanyo lwe-antigen / antibody, okanye ukuba umntu ebesesichengeni sokubeka esichengeni sengozi yakutshanje okanye eneempawu zosulelo olubi lwe-HIV. .

Kubantu abathatha i-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) okanye i-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), la mayeza anokunciphisa ukuchaneka kwe-NAT. Yazisa umboneleli wakho wezempilo ukuba usebenzisa iPrEP okanye iPEP.

Ngaba kufuneka ndivavanywe?

Ababoneleli ngezeMpilo banokujonga i-HIV njengenxalenye yokuhlolwa rhoqo, okanye abantu banokucela ukuvavanywa. Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo (CDC) ukuba wonke umntu ophakathi kweminyaka eli-13 nama-64 avavanywe kube kanye.

Kulabo basemngciphekweni ophezulu wokufumana i-HIV, i-CDC ivavanywa rhoqo. Umzekelo, abantu abanamaqabane amaninzi owabelana nawo ngesondo banomngcipheko ophezulu wokuba sesichengeni se-HIV, kwaye banokukhetha ukuvavanywa rhoqo, rhoqo rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintathu.

Umboneleli wakho wezempilo angathetha nawe malunga nokuba bacebisa kangaphi ukuba uhlolwe i-HIV.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uvavanyo luthi unayo?

Ukuba iziphumo kuvavanyo lwe-HIV lokuqala luthi unayo, umboneleli wokhathalelo lwempilo uyaku-odola uvavanyo olulandelayo ukuze afunde ukuba iziphumo zichanekile na.

Ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala belwenziwe ekhaya, umboneleli wezempilo uza kutsala isampulu yegazi ukuyivavanya elebhu. Ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lwenziwe elebhu, uvavanyo lokulandelela lunokuqhutywa kwisampulu yegazi efanayo kwilebhu.

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwesibini zithi unayo, umboneleli wezempilo anganceda ekuchazeni iindlela zonyango lwe-HIV. Ukuchongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kunokunceda ekuphuculeni imbonakalo yexesha elide kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okuba neengxaki ezivela kwi-HIV.

Ukuthatha

Ngokubanzi, amathuba okuchongwa gwenxa kwe-HIV aphantsi. Kodwa kubantu abacinga ukuba banokuba bafumene isiphumo sokuvavanywa kwe-HIV okanye esingenabuxoki, kubalulekile ukuba uthethe nomboneleli wezempilo. Banokukunceda ukucacisa iziphumo zovavanyo kwaye bacebise amanyathelo alandelayo. Kubantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokosulelwa yi-HIV, umboneleli wezempilo angacebisa ngeendlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo.