I-Wild vs Farmed Salmon: Loluphi uhlobo lweSalmon olusempilweni?

Umxholo

• Ukuxhaswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo
• Umahluko kwiXabiso leZondlo
• Umxholo wePatunsaturated Fat
• Ifama yeSalmon isenokuba phezulu kwiiNgcoli
• I-Mercury kunye nezinye iiMetal
• Iintsholongwane kwiNtlanzi yaseFama
• Ngaba i-Salmon yasendle ixabisa iindleko ezongezelelweyo kunye nokuphazamiseka?
• Umgca osezantsi

Isalmon ixabisekile ngenxa yezibonelelo zayo zempilo.

Le ntlanzi inamafutha ilayishwe nge-omega-3 fatty acids, uninzi lwabantu olungafumani ngokwaneleyo kuyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iisalmon ezenziwe ngokulinganayo.

Namhlanje, isalmon eninzi oyithengayo ayibanjwanga endle, kodwa iyafuywa kwiifama zeentlanzi.

Eli nqaku livavanya umohluko phakathi kwesalmon yasendle kunye nefama kwaye ikuxelele ukuba ingaba umntu usempilweni na kunomnye.

Ukuxhaswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo

I-salmon yasendle ibanjiswa kwindalo efana nolwandle, imilambo kunye namachibi.

Kodwa isiqingatha salmon esithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela sivela kwiifama zentlanzi, ezisebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-aquaculture yokufuya iintlanzi zityiwa ngabantu ().

Imveliso yonyaka ye-salmon esefama inyuke ukusuka kwi-27,000 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zeetoni kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo (2).

Ngelixa i-salmon yasendle itya ezinye izinto ezifumaneka kwindalo, i-salmon yasefama inikwa ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu, okuneprotein ephezulu ukuvelisa iintlanzi ezinkulu ().

I-salmon yasendle isekhona, kodwa izitokhwe zehlabathi ziye zancipha ngesiqingatha nje kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka (4).

Imveliso ye-salmon esefama inyuke kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. I-salmon yasefama inokutya okwahluke ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusingqongileyo kune-salmon yasendle.

Umahluko kwiXabiso leZondlo

Iifama zesalmon zondliwa ngokutya okucwangcisiweyo kweentlanzi, ngelixa i-salmon yasendle itya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo.

Ngesi sizathu, ukwakhiwa kwesondlo salmon yasendle kunye nefama kwahluka kakhulu.

Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonelela ngokuthelekisa okuhle. Iikhalori, iiprotheyini kunye namafutha zinikezelwa ngexabiso elipheleleyo, ngelixa iivithamini kunye neeminerals ziboniswa njengepesenti (%) yesalathiso sokutya kwemihla ngemihla (i-RDI) (5, 6).

Ngokucacileyo, umahluko wesondlo phakathi kwesalmon yasendle kunye nefama inokubaluleka.

Iifama zeesalmon ziphezulu kakhulu kumanqatha, aqukethe i-omega-3s ngaphezulu, ngakumbi i-omega-6 kwaye iphindaphindwe kathathu inani lamafutha agcweleyo. Ikwanayo ne-46% yeekhalori ngakumbi-ukusuka kumanqatha.

Kwelinye icala, i-salmon yasendle iphezulu kwizimbiwa, kubandakanya i-potassium, i-zinc kunye nentsimbi.

I-salmon yasendle iqulethe iiminerali ezininzi. Iifama ze-salmon ziphezulu ku-vitamin C, amafutha agcweleyo, i-polyunsaturated fatty acids kunye neekhalori.

Umxholo wePatunsaturated Fat

Amafutha amabini aphambili e-polyunsaturated yi-omega-3 kunye ne-omega-6 fatty acids.

Ezi fatty acids zidlala indima ebalulekileyo emzimbeni wakho.

Babizwa ngokuba ziiasidi ezinamafutha, okanye ii-EFA, kuba uzifuna zombini ekutyeni kwakho.

Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukubetha ibhalansi efanelekileyo.

Uninzi lwabantu namhlanje lutya kakhulu i-omega-6, ligqwetha ibhalansi ethe-ethe phakathi kwala mafutha mabini.

Uninzi lwezazinzulu lucinga ukuba oku kunokuqhubela phambili ukudumba kwaye kungadlala indima kubhubhane wale mihla wezifo ezinganyangekiyo, ezinjengesifo sentliziyo (7).

Ngelixa ifama yesalmon inamafutha aphindwe kathathu e-salmon yasendle, indawo enkulu kula mafutha yi-omega-6 fatty acids (, 8).

Ngesi sizathu, i-omega-3 ukuya kwi-omega 6 ratio iphindwe kathathu ngaphezulu kwi-salmon yasefama kunasendle.

Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo we salmon wasefama (1: 3-4) usabalasele - ungaphantsi kakhulu kunalowo we salmon yasendle, engu 1:10 ().

Zombini iifama kunye neesalmon zasendle kufuneka zikhokelele kuphuculo olukhulu lokutya kwe-omega-3 kubantu abaninzi- kwaye kuhlala kucetyiswa oko.

Kwisifundo seeveki ezine kubantu abali-19, ukutya isalmon yase-Atlantic kabini ngeveki kunyuse amanqanaba egazi le-omega-3 DHA ngama-50% ().

Nangona ifama yesalmon iphezulu kakhulu kwi-omega-6 fatty acids kune salmon yasendle, iyonke isephantsi kakhulu ukuba ingabangela inkxalabo.

Ifama yeSalmon isenokuba phezulu kwiiNgcoli

Iintlanzi zihlala zithomalalisa ukungcola okukhoyo emanzini adada kuwo kunye nokutya abakutyayo (, 11).

Izifundo ezapapashwa ngo-2004 nango-2005 zabonisa ukuba isalmon yasefama yayinezinto ezininzi ezingcolisayo kune-salmon yasendle (,).

Iifama zaseYurophu zazinokungcola okungaphezulu kuneefama zaseMelika, kodwa iintlobo ezivela eChile zabonakala ngathi zincinci (, 14).

Ezinye zezi zinto zingcolisayo zibandakanya ii-biphenyls ezine-polychlorinated (PCBs), ii-dioxins kunye nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezineklorin.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukungcola okuyingozi kakhulu okufumaneka kwi-salmon yi-PCB, enxulunyaniswa kakhulu nomhlaza kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo (,,,).

Olunye uphononongo olupapashwe ngo-2004 luchaze ukuba ukugxila kwe-PCB kwisalmon esefama kwakuphindwe kasibhozo kunesalmon yasendle, ngokomndilili ().

Amanqanaba ongcoliseko athathwa ekhuselekile yi-FDA kodwa hayi yi-US EPA (20).

Abaphandi bacebise ukuba ukuba izikhokelo ze-EPA zisetyenzisiwe kwi-salmon yasefama, abantu baya kukhuthazwa ukuba bathintele ukusetyenziswa kwesalmon hayi ngaphezulu kwenyanga ngenyanga.

Okwangoku, olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba amanqanaba ezinto ezingcolisayo eziqhelekileyo, ezinjengee-PCBs, eNorway, isalmon esefama yehle kakhulu ukusukela ngo-1999 ukuya ku-2011. Olu tshintsho lunokubonisa amanqanaba asezantsi ee-PCBs kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa ukutya kweentlanzi ().

Ukongeza, abaninzi bathi izibonelelo zokusebenzisa ii-omega-3s kwiisalmon zingaphezulu komngcipheko wezinto ezingcolisayo.

Iifama zeesalmon zinokuqulatha izixa eziphezulu zongcoliseko kuneesalmon zasendle. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba ezingcoliseko ezifama, isalmon yaseNorway iyehla.

I-Mercury kunye nezinye iiMetal

Ubungqina obukhoyo ngoku bokulandela isinyithi kwi-salmon buyaphikisana.

Izifundo ezibini ziqwalasele umahluko omncinci kakhulu kumanqanaba e-mercury phakathi kwesalmon yasendle kunye nefama (11,).

Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo luchaze ukuba isalmon yasendle inamanqanaba aphindwe kathathu (23).

Konke kuxeliwe, amanqanaba e-arsenic aphezulu kwi-salmon yasefama, kodwa amanqanaba e-cobalt, ithusi kunye ne-cadmium aphezulu kwi-salmon yasendle ().

Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukulandelela isinyithi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-salmon zenzeka kwiimali eziphantsi kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba zibangele ukukhathazeka.

Umntu oqhelekileyo, ukulandelela isinyithi kwi-salmon yasendle kunye nasefama akubonakali kufumaneka kumanani anobungozi.

Iintsholongwane kwiNtlanzi yaseFama

Ngenxa yobuninzi beentlanzi kwi-aquaculture, iintlanzi ezifama ngokubanzi zisengozini yosulelo kunye nezifo kuneentlanzi zasendle. Ukuthintela le ngxaki, amayeza okubulala iintlungu ahlala esongezwa ekutyeni kweentlanzi.

Ukusetyenziswa okungalawulwayo nokungakhathali kokusetyenziswa kweyeza lokubulala ingxaki yingxaki kushishino lwezaselwandle, ngakumbi kumazwe asaphuhlayo.

Ayisiyo kuphela i-antibiotic esebenzisa ingxaki yokusingqongileyo, kodwa ikwayinkxalabo yezempilo yabathengi. Ukufunyanwa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kunokubangela ukungahambelani komzimba nabantu abachaphazelekayo ().

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwezibulala-ntsholongwane kwi-aquaculture kukwakhuthaza ukunganyangeki kwintsholongwane kwiibacteria zentlanzi, kunyusa umngcipheko wokuxhathisa emathunjini omntu ngokudlulisa uhlobo (,).

Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kuhlala kungalawulwa kakuhle kumazwe amaninzi asaphuhlayo, njenge China neNigeria. Nangona kunjalo, isalmon ayihlali ifuywe kula mazwe ().

Uninzi lwabavelisi abakhulu beesalmon, ezinje ngeNorway kunye neCanada, zithathwa njengezineenkqubo-sikhokelo zolawulo ezisebenzayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kulawulwa ngokungqongqo kwaye amanqanaba e-antibiotics kwinyama yentlanzi kufuneka abe ngaphantsi kwemida ekhuselekileyo xa kuvunwa iintlanzi.

Ezinye zeefama zeentlanzi ezinkulu zaseCanada ziye zanciphisa ukusebenzisa kwazo i-antibiotic kwiminyaka yakutshanje ().

Kwelinye icala, i-Chile - umvelisi wesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni we salmon yase fama - ebeneengxaki ngenxa yokusebenzisa kakhulu i-antibiotics ().

Kwi-2016, kuqikelelwa i-530 iigrem ze-antibiotics ezazisetyenziselwa itoni nganye yesalmon evuniweyo eChile. Ukuthelekisa, iNorway isebenzise i-1 gram ye-antibiotics ngetoni nganye yesalmon evuniweyo ngo-2008 (,).

Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokuchasana ne-antibiotic, ingaba yinto efanelekileyo yokuphepha i-salmon yaseChile ngoku.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Antibiotic kulimo lweentlanzi kuyingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye nokukhathazeka ngempilo okunokubakho. Amazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo alawula ngokungqongqo ukusetyenziswa kwezibulala-ntsholongwane, kodwa ihlala ingalawulwa kakuhle kumazwe amaninzi asaphuhlayo.

Ngaba i-Salmon yasendle ixabisa iindleko ezongezelelweyo kunye nokuphazamiseka?

Kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni ukuba i-salmon esefama isesempilweni kakhulu.

Ukongeza, ihlala inkulu kakhulu kwaye ibonelela nge-omega-3s engaphezulu.

I-salmon yasendle nayo ibiza kakhulu kunasezifama kwaye isenokungabi siso kwiindleko ezingaphezulu kwabanye abantu. Kuxhomekeka kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwakho, kunokuba yinto ephazamisayo okanye kungenakwenzeka ukuthenga isalmon yasendle.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeyantlukwano kokusingqongileyo kunye nokutya, isalmon esefama iqulethe izinto ezinobungozi ngakumbi kuneesalmon zasendle.

Ngelixa ezi zinto zingcolisayo zibonakala zikhuselekile kumntu ophakathi ochitha isixa esilinganiselweyo, ezinye iingcali zicebisa ukuba abantwana kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo batye kuphela isalmon ebanjiswe endle- ukuze babe kwicala elikhuselekileyo.

Umgca osezantsi

Ngumbono olungileyo ukutya iintlanzi ezinamanqatha njenge salmon ka 1-2 amaxesha ngeveki ukuze ube sempilweni.

Le ntlanzi iyanencasa, ilayishwe ngezakhamzimba eziluncedo kunye nokuzalisa kakhulu- kwaye ke ngoko ukunciphisa umzimba-kulungele.

Eyona nkxalabo inkulu ngeesalmon ezifama zizinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo ezifana neePCB. Ukuba uzama ukunciphisa ukungenisa ityhefu, kuya kufuneka uphephe ukutya isalmon rhoqo.

I-antibiotics kwi-salmon yasefama nayo inengxaki, njengoko inokunyusa umngcipheko wokuchasana ne-antibiotic emathunjini akho.

Nangona kunjalo, inikwe isixa sayo esiphakamileyo se-omega-3s, iprotein esemgangathweni kunye nezondlo eziluncedo, naluphi na uhlobo lwesalmon isekukutya okusempilweni.

Okwangoku, i-salmon yasendle ilunge ngakumbi kwimpilo yakho ukuba unakho ukuyifumana.