Ukugula ngemitha

Ukugula kwemitha kukugula kunye neempawu ezibangelwa kukuvezwa kakhulu yimitha yelitha.

Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zemitha: i-nonionizing kunye neionizing.

• Imitha ye-nonionizing iza ngohlobo lokukhanya, amaza erediyo, ii-microwave kunye ne-radar. Ezi fom zihlala zingabangeli ukonakala kwethishu.
• Imitha ye-Ionizing ibangela iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kwizicubu zomntu. I-X-ray, i-gamma ray, kunye ne-bombardment ye-particle (i-neutron beam, i-electron beam, i-proton, i-mesons kunye nezinye) zikhupha i-radiation. Olu hlobo lwemitha lusetyenziselwa uvavanyo lonyango kunye nonyango. Isetyenziselwa iinjongo zokwenza imveliso kunye nezixhobo, izixhobo kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo, kunye nokunye.

Ukugula kwemitha kubangelwa xa abantu (okanye ezinye izilwanyana) bevezwa kwiidosi ezinkulu kakhulu zemitha ye-ionizing.

Ukuvezwa kwemitha kunokwenzeka njengokubonakaliswa okukhulu okukhulu (acute). Okanye kunokwenzeka njengoluhlu lwezinto ezincinci ezisasazeka ngokuhamba kwexesha (ezingapheliyo). Ukuvezwa kunokuba ngengozi okanye ngenjongo (njengonyango lonyango kunyango lwezifo).

Ukugula ngemitha ngokubanzi kunxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa kakhulu kwaye kukho uphawu lweempawu ezibonakala ngocwangco. Ukuvezwa okungapheliyo kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa neengxaki zonyango ezinje ngomhlaza kunye nokuguga ngaphambi kwexesha, ezinokuthi zenzeke ixesha elide.

Umngcipheko womhlaza uxhomekeke kwidosi kwaye uqala ukwakha, nokuba unedosi ephantsi kakhulu. Akukho "mbundu mncinci."

Ukubonakaliswa kwi-ray-ray okanye i-gamma ray kulinganiswa kwiiyunithi ze-roentgens. Umzekelo:

• Ukuvezwa komzimba okupheleleyo kwe-100 roentgens / rad okanye i-1 Grey unit (Gy) kubangela ukugula kwemitha.
• Ukuvezwa komzimba okupheleleyo kwe-400 roentgens / rad (okanye i-4 Gy) kubangela ukugula kwemitha kunye nokufa kwisiqingatha sabantu abatyhilekileyo. Ngaphandle konyango, phantse wonke umntu ofumana ngaphezulu kwesi sixa semitha uya kufa kwiintsuku ezingama-30.
• I-100,000 roentgens / rad (1,000 Gy) ibangela ukungabikho zingqondweni kwangoko kunye nokufa kungaphelanga iyure.

Ubuzaza beempawu zesigulo kunye nokugula (ukugula ngamandla kwemitha) kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nobungakanani bemitha, ubonakaliswe ixesha elingakanani, kwaye leliphi ilungu lomzimba elivelileyo. Iimpawu zokugula ngemitha zinokwenzeka emva nje kokuvezwa, okanye kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezizayo, iiveki, okanye iinyanga. Umongo wethambo kunye neendlela zesisu zichaphazeleka ikakhulu kukulimala kwemitha. Abantwana neentsana ezisesibelekweni kunokwenzeka ukuba bonzakale ngokuqatha ngemitha.

Kuba kunzima ukumisela ubungakanani bokubhengezwa kwemitha yengozi yenyukliya, ezona mpawu zibubukrakra bokuba sesichengeni zezi: ubude bexesha phakathi kokuvezwa kunye nokuqala kweempawu, ubuzaza beempawu, kunye nobukrakra botshintsho kumhlophe iiseli zegazi. Ukuba umntu ugabha ngaphantsi kweyure emva kokuvezwa, oko kuthetha ukuba idosi yemitha efunyenweyo iphezulu kakhulu kwaye kunokulindelwa ukufa.

Abantwana abafumana unyango ngemitha okanye abachaphazeleke kwimisebe ngengozi baya kunyangwa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zabo nakubalo lweeseli zegazi. Izifundo ezenziwa rhoqo zegazi ziyimfuneko kwaye zifuna ukugqobhoza okuncinci ngesikhumba emthanjeni ukuze kufunyanwe iisampulu zegazi.

Izizathu zibandakanya:

• Ukuvezwa ngengozi kweedosi eziphezulu zemitha, njengokukhanya kwemitha kwingozi yesityalo samandla enyukliya.
• Ukubonakaliswa kwimitha egqithisileyo kunyango.

Iimpawu zokugula kwemitha kunokubandakanya:

• Ubuthathaka, ukudinwa, ukuphelelwa ngamandla, ukudideka
  
• Ukopha ukuphuma empumlweni, emlonyeni, kwiintsini, nakwilayini
• Ukukhukhumala, ukutsha kolusu, izilonda ezivulekileyo kulusu, ukugoba kolusu
• Ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni
• Urhudo, isitulo segazi
• Ifiva
• Ukulahleka kweenwele
• Ukudumba kweendawo eziveziweyo (ububomvu, ukuthamba, ukudumba, ukopha)
• Isicaphucaphu nokugabha, kubandakanya ukugabha igazi
• Izilonda (izilonda) emlonyeni, umqala (umbhobho wokutya), isisu okanye amathumbu

Umboneleli wakho wezempilo uya kukucebisa ngendlela efanelekileyo yokunyanga ezi mpawu. Amayeza anokumiselwa ukunceda ukunciphisa isicaphucaphu, ukugabha kunye neentlungu. Ukumpontshelwa igazi kunokunikezelwa nge-anemia (ukubalwa okuphantsi kweeseli ezibomvu ezisempilweni). Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane asetyenziselwa ukukhusela okanye ukulwa nosulelo.

Ukunikezela ngoncedo lokuqala kumaxhoba emitha kunokubonisa abasebenzi bohlangulo kwimitha ngaphandle kokuba bakhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo. Amaxhoba kufuneka angcoliswe ukuze angabangeli ukwenzakala kwemitha kwabanye.

• Jonga ukuphefumla komntu kunye nokubetha kwentliziyo.
• Qala i-CPR, ukuba kukho imfuneko.
• Susa impahla yomntu kwaye ubeke izinto kwisitya esitywiniweyo. Oku kuyeka ukungcola okuqhubekayo.
• Ngamandla vasa ixhoba ngesepha namanzi.
• Yomisa ixhoba uze ulisonge ngengubo ethambileyo, ecocekileyo.
• Biza uncedo lonyango olungxamisekileyo okanye uthathe umntu amse kwiziko lonyango elikhawulezileyo ukuba ungakwenza oko ngokukhuselekileyo.
• Xela ukubhengezwa kwamagosa kaxakeka.

Ukuba iimpawu zenzeka ngexesha okanye emva konyango lwemitha yonyango:

• Xelela umboneleli okanye ufumane unyango kwangoko.
• Ziphathe kakuhle iindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
• Phatha iimpawu okanye izigulo njengoko kucetyisiwe ngumboneleli.

• SUKUHLALA kwindawo apho ukubhengeza kwenzeke khona.
• SUKUGQIBI ioyile kwiindawo ezitshisiweyo.
• SUKUHLALA unxibe impahla engcolileyo.
• Ungathandabuzi ukufuna unyango olungxamisekileyo.

Amanyathelo othintelo abandakanya:

• Kuphephe ukubhengeza ngokungeyomfuneko kwimitha, kubandakanywa iiskrini ze-CT ezingeyomfuneko kunye ne-x-ray.
• Abantu abasebenza kwiindawo ezinobungozi beemitha kufuneka banxibe iibheji ukulinganisa inqanaba labo lokuvezwa.
• Amakhaka okhuselo kufuneka abekwe ngaphezulu kwamalungu omzimba anganyangwa okanye afundwe ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-x-ray okanye unyango lwe-radiation.

Imitha yetyhefu; Ukulimala kwemitha; Ityhefu yerad

• Unyango ngemitha

IHryhorczuk D, uTheobald JL. Ukulimala kwemitha. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 138.

ISundaram T. Idosi yemitha kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokhuseleko kwimifanekiso. Ku: I-Torigian DA, uRamchandani P, ii-eds. Iimfihlo zeRadiology kunye. Ngomhla we-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; Ngo-2017: isahluko 7.