Ingxaki yesifo sengqondo

Isifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) sisifo esichaphazela ukukhula kwengqondo. Ihlala ivela kwiminyaka emi-3 yokuqala yobomi. I-ASD ichaphazela ubuchule bengqondo bokukhulisa izakhono eziqhelekileyo zoluntu nezonxibelelwano.

Oyena nobangela weASD awaziwa. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inani lezinto zikhokelela kwi-ASD. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ii-genes zingabandakanyeka, kuba i-ASD isebenza kwezinye iintsapho. Amayeza athile asetyenziswe ngexesha lokukhulelwa nawo angakhokelela kwi-ASD emntwaneni.

Ezinye izizathu ziye zarhanelwa, kodwa azangqinwa. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ekubeni kungabakho monakalo kwinxalenye yengqondo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-amygdala. Abanye bajonge ukuba intsholongwane inokubangela iimpawu.

Abanye abazali bevile ukuba izitofu zisenokubangela iASD. Kodwa uphando alufumananga unxibelelwano phakathi kwezitofu zokugonya kunye ne-ASD. Onke amaqela ezonyango kunye noorhulumente athi akukho nxibelelwano phakathi kwezitofu zokugonya kunye neASD.

Ukwanda kwabantwana abane-ASD kungabangelwa kukuchongwa ngcono kunye neenkcazo ezintsha ze-ASD. Ukuphazamiseka kwembonakalo ye-Autism ngoku kubandakanya ii-syndromes ezazifudula zithathwa njengeziphazamiso ezahlukileyo:

• Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo
• Isifo seAsperger
• Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubuntwana
• Ukuphazamiseka okuthe gabalala

Uninzi lwabazali babantwana abanoluphazamiseko balukrokrela ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle xa umntwana eneenyanga ezili-18 ubudala. Abantwana abane ASD basoloko beneengxaki nge:

• Yenza ngathi uyadlala
• Unxibelelwano lwasentlalweni
• Unxibelelwano lomlomo nolungathethiyo

Abanye abantwana babonakala beqhelekileyo ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-1 okanye yesi-2. Ngequbuliso baphulukana nolwimi okanye izakhono zentlalo ebesele benazo.

Iimpawu ziyahluka ukusuka kumodareyitha ukuya kobunzima.

Umntu one-autism unoku:

• Yiba novakalelo kakhulu emehlweni, ukuva, ukubamba, ukuvumba, okanye incasa (umzekelo, bayala ukunxiba iimpahla "ezirhawuzelayo" kwaye bayacaphuka ukuba banyanzelwe ukuba banxibe iimpahla)
• Caphuka kakhulu xa iinguqu zitshintshiwe
• Phinda iintshukumo zomzimba ngokuphindaphindiweyo
• Ncamathela ngokungaqhelekanga kwizinto

Iingxaki zonxibelelwano zinokubandakanya:

• Ayikwazi ukuqala okanye ukugcina incoko
• Sebenzisa izijekulo endaweni yamagama
• Uphuhlisa ulwimi kancinci okanye hayi
• Ayilungelelanisi ukujonga izinto ezijongwa ngabanye
• Ayibhekiseli kwindlela eyiyo (umzekelo, ithi "ufuna amanzi" xa umntwana esithi "Ndifuna amanzi")
• Ayibonisi ukubonisa abanye abantu izinto (zihlala zenzeka kwiinyanga ezili-14 zokuqala zobomi)
• Iphinda amagama okanye iivesi ezingqondweni, ezinje ngeentengiso

Ukusebenzisana kwezentlalo:

• Ayenzi zihlobo
• Ayidlali imidlalo yokudibana
• Irhoxisiwe
• Ungangaphenduli kunxibelelwano ngamehlo okanye uncumo, okanye unokuthintela ukudibana kwamehlo
• Bangabaphatha abanye njengezinto
• Ukhetha ukuba yedwa kunokuba nabanye
• Ayikwazi ukubonisa uvelwano

Impendulo kulwazi lweemvakalelo:

• Ayothusi ingxolo enkulu
• Unemvakalelo ephezulu kakhulu okanye ephantsi kakhulu yokubona, ukuva, ukubamba, ukuvumba, okanye incasa
• Bangayifumana ingxolo yesiqhelo ibabuhlungu kwaye babambe izandla zabo ezindlebeni
• Ngamana angarhoxa kunxibelelwano lomzimba kuba luyakhuthaza kakhulu okanye luyoyikeka
• Irabha umphezulu, umlomo okanye izinto ezikhothwayo
• Ngaba unokufumana impendulo ephezulu kakhulu okanye ephantsi kakhulu kwintlungu

Dlala:

• Musa ukulinganisa izenzo zabanye
• Ukhetha ukudlala wedwa okanye umdlalo wesiko
• Ubonisa umdlalo omncinci wokuzenzisa okanye wentelekelelo

Ukuziphatha:

• Yenza isenzo ngomsindo omkhulu
• Ubambelela kwisihloko esinye okanye umsebenzi
• Inomdla omfutshane
• Inomdla omncinci kakhulu
• Ngaba igqithisile okanye ayenziwa
• Ngaba unoburharha kwabanye okanye kwisiqu sakho
• Ibonisa isidingo esomeleleyo sezinto ezifanayo
• Iphinda intshukumo yomzimba

Bonke abantwana kufuneka benze iimviwo zesiqhelo ezenziwa ngoogqirha babantwana.Iimvavanyo ezingaphezulu zinokufuneka ukuba umboneleli wezempilo okanye abazali banenkxalabo. Kuyinyani ukuba umntwana akahlangani nayo nayiphi na kwezi ziganeko zolwimi:

• Babbling ngeenyanga ezili-12
• Ukulinganisa (ukukhomba, ukuwanga-bye bye) ngeenyanga ezili-12
• Ukuthetha amagama angatshatanga ngeenyanga ezili-16
• Ukuthetha amagama amabini azenzekelayo ngeenyanga ezingama-24 (ayisiyi-echoing kuphela)
• Ukuphulukana naluphi na ulwimi okanye izakhono zentlalo nangaliphi na ixesha

Aba bantwana banokufuna uvavanyo lokuva, uvavanyo lokhokelela kwegazi kunye novavanyo lwe-ASD.

Umboneleli onamava ekuchongeni nasekunyangeni i-ASD kufuneka abone umntwana ukuba enze olona xilongo. Ngenxa yokuba kungekho vavanyo lwegazi lweASD, ukuxilongwa kuhlala kusekelwe kwizikhokelo ezisuka kwincwadi yonyango enesihloko Unyango woNyango kunye neNgcaciso yeNcwadi yeNgxaki yeNgqondo (DSM-V).

Uvavanyo lwe-ASD luhlala lubandakanya uvavanyo olupheleleyo lomzimba kunye ne-neurologic). Uvavanyo lunokwenziwa ukubona ukuba kukho ingxaki ngezakhi zofuzo okanye imetabolism yomzimba. I-Metabolism yinkqubo yomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zomzimba.

I-ASD ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweempawu. Ke, uvavanyo olunye, olufutshane alunako ukuxelela ubuchule bokwenyani bomntwana. Kungcono ukuba neqela leengcali zokuvavanya umntwana. Banokuvavanya:

• Unxibelelwano
• Ulwimi
• Izakhono zeemoto
• Intetho
• Impumelelo esikolweni
• Amandla okucinga

Abanye abazali abafuni ukuxilongwa ngabantwana babo kuba boyika ukuba umntwana uza kubhalwa. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuxilongwa, umntwana wabo unokungalufumani unyango kunye neenkonzo eziyimfuneko.

Ngeli xesha, akukho lunyango lweASD. Inkqubo yonyango iya kuyiphucula kakhulu imbonakalo yabantwana abaninzi abancinci. Uninzi lweenkqubo zakha kwimidla yomntwana kwishedyuli eyakhiwe kakuhle yemisebenzi eyakhayo.

Izicwangciso zonyango zinokudibanisa ubuchule, kubandakanya:

• Uhlalutyo lokuziphatha olusetyenziswayo (ABA)
• Amayeza, ukuba ayimfuneko
• Unyango emsebenzini
• Ulungiso lwenyama
• Unyango lolwimi lokuthetha

ISICWANGCISO SOKUZIPHATHA SOKUZIPHATHA (ABA)

Le nkqubo yenzelwe abantwana abancinci. Inceda kwezinye iimeko. I-ABA isebenzisa ukufundisa umntu ngamnye komeleza izakhono ezahlukeneyo. Injongo kukusondeza umntwana ekusebenzeni kwesiqhelo iminyaka yakhe.

Inkqubo yeABA ihlala isenziwa ekhayeni lomntwana. Isayikholojisti yokuziphatha elawula le nkqubo. Iinkqubo ze-ABA zinokubiza kakhulu kwaye azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ziinkqubo zesikolo. Abazali bahlala befumana inkxaso-mali kunye nokuqeshwa kweminye imithombo, engafumanekiyo kwiindawo ezininzi.

ITEKnoloji

Enye inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ngonyango kunye nemfundo yabantwana abakhubazekileyo kunye noqhakamshelwano nonxibelelwano (i-TEACCH). Isebenzisa iishedyuli zemifanekiso kunye nezinye iindlela ezibonakalayo. Oku kunceda abantwana ukuba basebenze ngokwabo kwaye baququzelele kwaye bahlele imeko-bume yabo.

Nangona i-TEACCH izama ukuphucula izakhono zomntwana kunye nokukwazi ukuziqhelanisa, ikwamkela iingxaki ezinxulumene ne-ASD. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo ze-ABA, i-TEACCH ayilindelanga ukuba abantwana bafeze ukukhula okuqhelekileyo ngonyango.

AMAYEZA

Akukho yeza liyinyanga ngokwalo iASD. Kodwa ke amayeza ahlala esetyenziselwa ukunyanga iingxaki zokuziphatha okanye zempembelelo abanokuba nazo abantu abane-ASD. Oku kubandakanya:

• Ubundlongondlongo
• Ixhala
• Iingxaki zokuqwalaselwa
• Ukunyanzelwa okugqithisileyo umntwana angakwazi ukukuyeka
• Ukusebenza kakhulu
• Ukunyanzelwa
• Ukucaphuka
• Ukuhamba kweemvakalelo
• Ukuqhuma
• Ubunzima bokulala
• Umsindo

Kuphela sisiyobisi risperidone esivunyiweyo sokunyanga abantwana abaneminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-16 ngenxa yokuba nochuku kunye nobundlongondlongo obunokwenzeka nge-ASD. Amanye amayeza anokusetyenziswa zizinto zokuqinisa imeko kunye nezikhuthazi.

UKUTYA

Abanye abantwana abane-ASD babonakala beqhuba kakuhle ngokutya okungenayo i-gluten okanye i-casin-free. I-Gluten ikukutya okuqukethe ingqolowa, irye kunye nerhasi. I-Casein isebisini, itshizi, kunye nezinye iimveliso zobisi. Ayizizo zonke iingcali ezivumayo ukuba utshintsho kwindlela otya ngayo lwenza umahluko. Kwaye ayizizo zonke izifundo ezibonise iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Ukuba ucinga ngezi okanye ezinye iinguqulelo zokutya, thetha nomnikezeli kunye nendawo yokutya ebhalisiweyo. Ufuna ukuqiniseka ukuba umntwana wakho usafumana iikhalori ezaneleyo kunye nezondlo ezifanelekileyo.

EZINYE IINDLELA

Lumkela unyango olusasazwa ngokubanzi lweASD olungenayo inkxaso yezenzululwazi, kunye neengxelo zonyango olungummangaliso. Ukuba umntwana wakho unoluphazamiseko, thetha nabanye abazali. Xoxa neengxaki zakho neengcali zeASD. Landela inkqubela phambili yophando lweASD, ekhula ngokukhawuleza.

Imibutho emininzi inikezela ngolwazi olongezelelweyo kunye noncedo kwi-ASD.

Ngonyango olululo, iimpawu ezininzi zeASD zinokuphuculwa. Abantu abaninzi abaneASD baneempawu ezithile ebomini babo. Kodwa, bayakwazi ukuhlala neentsapho zabo okanye ekuhlaleni.

I-ASD inokunxulunyaniswa nezinye iingxaki zobuchopho, ezinje:

• Isifo se-Fragile X
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Isifo sokuqina kwemithambo (tuberous sclerosis)

Abanye abantu abane-autism bahlakulela ukuxhamla.

Uxinzelelo lokujongana ne-autism lunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zentlalo kunye neemvakalelo kwiintsapho nakubanakekeli, nakumntu one-autism.

Abazali bahlala bekrokrela ukuba kukho ingxaki yokukhula kudala ngaphambi kokuba kufunyaniswe isifo. Fowunela umboneleli wakho ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho akaphuhlisi ngokwesiqhelo.

Autism; Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo; Isifo seAsperger; Ukuphazamiseka kubuntwana; Ukuphazamiseka okuthe gabalala

IBridgemohan CF. Ingxaki yesifo sengqondo. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 54.

Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo lwewebhusayithi. Ukuphazamiseka kwembonakalo yengqondo, iingcebiso kunye nezikhokelo. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-recommendations.html. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Agasti 27, 2019. Ifikeleleke ngoMeyi 8, 2020.

UNass R, uSidhu R, uRoss G. Autism kunye nokunye ukukhubazeka kophuhliso. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ii-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley kwiKlinikhi yokuziqhelanisa. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 90.

IZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yeNgqondo iwebhusayithi. Ingxaki yesifo sengqondo. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. Ukuhlaziywa ngo-Matshi 2018. Kufikeleleke ngoMeyi 8, 2020.