Ephedra (Ma Huang): Ukuphulukana nobunzima, iingozi kunye nenqanaba lezomthetho

Umxholo

• Yintoni i-ephedra?
• Ukunyusa izinga lokunciphisa umzimba kunye nelahleko yamafutha
• Isebenza ngokudibeneyo ne-caffeine
• Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kunye nokhuseleko
• Ubume bezomthetho
• Umgca wezantsi

Abantu abaninzi bafuna ipilisi yomlingo ukukhulisa amandla kunye nokukhuthaza ukunciphisa umzimba.

Isityalo ephedra ifumene ukuthandwa njengomgqatswa onokwenzeka kwiminyaka yoo-1990 kwaye yaba sisithako esiqhelekileyo kwizongezo zokutya kude kube phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000.

Ngelixa ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba zinokunyusa imetabolism kunye nokulahleka kobunzima, iinkxalabo zokhuseleko ziye zaphawulwa ngokunjalo.

Eli nqaku likuxelela into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neziphumo ephedra kwi ukunciphisa umzimba, kwakunye neengozi zayo ezinokubakho kunye nobume zomthetho.

Yintoni i-ephedra?

Ephedra sinica, ikwabizwa ngokuba ma huang, sisityalo esizalelwa e-Asiya, nangona sikhula kwezinye iindawo kwihlabathi liphela. Isetyenzisiwe kumayeza amaTshayina amawaka eminyaka (,).

Ngelixa isityalo siqulathe izinto ezininzi zeekhemikhali, iimpembelelo eziphambili ze-ephedra kusenokwenzeka ukuba zibangelwa yimolekyuli ephedrine ().

I-Ephedrine ineziphumo ezininzi emzimbeni wakho, njengokunyuka kwenqanaba lokutya kunye nokutsha kwamafutha (,).

Ngezi zizathu, i-ephedrine ifundelwe ukukwazi kwayo ukunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba kunye namafutha omzimba. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, yafumana ukuthandwa kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukunciphisa umzimba.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yenkxalabo yezokhuseleko, izongezo eziqulathe iintlobo ezithile zeekhompawundi ezifumaneka kwi-ephedra- ebizwa ngokuba yi-ephedrine alkaloids-ziye zavalwa kumazwe aliqela, kubandakanya i-United States ().

Isityalo ephedra (ma huang) iqulethe iikhompawundi ezininzi zemichiza, kodwa eyona ibalulekileyo yi-ephedrine. Le molekyuli ichaphazela iinkqubo zomzimba ezininzi kwaye yayisetyenziswa njengesixhobo esithandwayo sokutya ngaphambi kokuvalwa kumazwe aliqela.

Ukunyusa izinga lokunciphisa umzimba kunye nelahleko yamafutha

Uninzi lwezifundo ezivavanya iimpembelelo ze-ephedra ekwehliseni ubunzima bomzimba zenzeka phakathi kweminyaka yee-1980 kunye nee-2000s zakuqala- ngaphambi kokuba izongezo ezine-ephedrine zazingavunyelwa.

Nangona izinto ezininzi ze-ephedra zinokuchaphazela umzimba wakho, ezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zinokubangelwa yi-ephedrine.

Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-ephedrine inyusa izinga lokuphumla le-metabolic- inani leekhalori zomzimba otshisa ngokuphumla- ezinokubangelwa kukunyuka kwenani leekhalori ezitshiswe yimisipha yakho,,).

I-Ephedrine inokunyusa inkqubo yokutshisa amafutha emzimbeni wakho,,).

Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba inani leekhalori ezitshisiweyo ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-24 zazingaphezulu kwe-3.6% xa abantu abadala abasempilweni bethatha i-ephedrine xa kuthelekiswa naxa babethatha i-placebo ().

Olunye uphononongo luqwalasele ukuba xa abantu abatyebe kakhulu befumana ukutya okunesezantsi kakhulu, izinga labo lokunciphisa umzimba liye lehla. Nangona kunjalo, oku bekuthintelwe ngokuyinxenye ngokuthatha i-ephedrine ().

Ukongeza kutshintsho lwexesha elifutshane kwimetabolism, ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-ephedrine inokukhuthaza ubunzima kunye nokulahleka kwamafutha ngaphezulu kwexesha elide.

Kwizifundo ezihlanu ze-ephedrine xa kuthelekiswa ne-placebo, i-ephedrine ikhokelele ekunciphiseni ubunzima beepawundi ezi-3 (1.3 kg) ngenyanga ngaphezulu kwe-placebo- ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezine (, 11).

Nangona kunjalo, idatha yexesha elide malunga nokusebenziseka kwe-ephedrine yokunciphisa umzimba iyasilela ().

Ukongeza, uninzi lwezifundo ze-ephedrine zivavanya indibaniselwano ye-ephedrine kunye ne-caffeine kunokuba i-ephedrine yodwa (11).

I-Ephedrine, icandelo eliphambili le-ephedra, linokunyusa inani leekhalori zomzimba wakho. Uphando lubonakalisile ezi ziphumo kubunzima obukhulu kunye nokulahleka kwamafutha ngaphezulu kweeveki ukuya kwiinyanga, nangona izifundo zexesha elide zilinganiselwe.

Isebenza ngokudibeneyo ne-caffeine

Izifundo ezininzi ezivavanya iziphumo zokulahleka kobunzima be-ephedrine zidibanise esi sithako kunye ne-caffeine.

Indibaniselwano ye-ephedrine kunye ne-caffeine ibonakala inefuthe elikhulu emzimbeni wakho kunesithako sodwa (,).

Umzekelo, i-ephedrine kunye ne-caffeine inyusa i-metabolic rate ngaphezulu kwe-ephedrine yodwa ().

Kwisifundo esinye kubantu abadala abatyebe kakhulu kwaye batyebe kakhulu, indibaniselwano ye-70 mg ye-caffeine kunye ne-24 mg ye-ephedra inyuse izinga lokunciphisa umzimba nge-8% ngaphezulu kweeyure ezi-2, xa kuthelekiswa ne-placebo ().

Olunye uphando luye lwaxela ukuba icaffeine kunye ne-ephedrine nganye ayinaziphumo ekulahlekeni kobunzima, ngelixa ukudityaniswa kwezi zimbini kuvelise ukwehla kobunzima ().

Ngaphezulu kweeveki ezili-12, ukungenisa indibaniselwano ye-ephedra kunye ne-caffeine kathathu ngemini kukhokelele ekunciphiseni i-7.9% yamafutha omzimba xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.9% kuphela ene-placebo ().

Olunye uphononongo lweenyanga ezi-6 kwi-167 yokutyeba kakhulu kunye nabantu abatyebe kakhulu kuthelekisa isongezelelo esiqulathe i-ephedrine kunye ne-caffeine kwindawo ye-placebo ngexesha lokulahleka kwesisindo ().

Iqela elithatha i-ephedrine lilahle i-9.5 yeepawundi (i-4.3 kg) yamafutha xa kuthelekiswa neqela le-placebo, elahle kuphela i-5.9 yeepawundi (2.7 kg) yamafutha.

Iqela le-ephedrine linciphise ubunzima bomzimba kunye ne-LDL (embi) ye-cholesterol ngaphezu kweqela le-placebo.

Ngokubanzi, ubungqina obukhoyo bubonisa ukuba iimveliso ze-ephedrine-ngakumbi xa zidityaniswe ne-caffeine-zinokunyusa ubunzima kunye nelahleko.

I-Ephedrine kunye ne-caffeine inokunyusa izinga lokunciphisa umzimba kunye nokulahleka kwamafutha ngaphezu kwesithako esisodwa. Izifundo zibonisa indibaniselwano ye-ephedrine kunye ne-caffeine ivelisa ubunzima obukhulu kunye nokulahleka kwamafutha kune-placebo.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kunye nokhuseleko

Imithamo ye-ephedrine esetyenziswe kuphando iyahluka, kunye nokufakwa okungaphantsi kwe-20 mg ngosuku kuthathwa njengokuphantsi, i-40-90 mg yemihla ngemihla ithathwa njengemodareyitha, kunye needosi ze-100-150 mg ngosuku zithathwa njengeziphezulu.

Nangona ezinye iziphumo ezilungileyo kwimetabolism kunye nobunzima bomzimba zibonwe kwiidosi ezahlukeneyo, uninzi luye lwabuza ukhuseleko lwe-ephedrine.

Izifundo ezizodwa zibonise iziphumo ezixubeneyo ngokubhekisele kukhuseleko kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zolu hlobo kwiidosi ezahlukeneyo.

Abanye baxelile ngeziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibalulekileyo, ngelixa ezinye zibonisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibangele ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba barhoxe kwizifundo (,,).

Iingxelo ezinzulu zidibanise iziphumo zezifundo ezininzi ukuqonda ngcono iinkxalabo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-ephedrine.

Olunye uhlalutyo lwezilingo ezahlukeneyo ze-52 zonyango azifumananga ziganeko zibi njengokufa okanye isifo sentliziyo kwizifundo ze-ephedrine- kunye okanye ngaphandle kwe-caffeine (11).

Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo olufanayo lufumene ukuba ezi mveliso zinxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wesicaphucaphu, ukugabha, ukubetha kwentliziyo kunye neengxaki zengqondo.

Ukongeza, xa kuvavanywa iimeko ezithile, ukusweleka kwabantu, isifo sentliziyo, kunye neziqendu zengqondo bezinokunxulunyaniswa ne-ephedra (11).

Ngokusekwe kubungqina, iinkxalabo ezinokubakho kwezokhuseleko zazibalulekile ngokwaneleyo ukuba zenze amanyathelo asemthethweni eMelika nakwezinye iindawo ().

Ngelixa ezinye izifundo zingakhange zibonise iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-ephedra okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-ephedrine, ubumnene ukuya kwiziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziye zabonakala kuvavanyo lwalo lonke uphando olukhoyo.

Ubume bezomthetho

Ngelixa imifuno ephedra kunye neemveliso ezifana ma huang iti ziyafumaneka ukuthengwa, izongezo zokutya eziqulathe i-ephedrine alkaloids azikho.

Ngenxa yenkxalabo yezokhuseleko, uLawulo lokuTya kunye noLawulo lweziyobisi (i-FDA) iimveliso ezivalweyo eziqukethe i-ephedrine ngo-2004 (, 19).

Amanye amayeza ephedra-eziqulathe amayeza nangoku ziyafumaneka phezu ekhawuntarini, nangona imigaqo ukuthengwa kwezi mveliso ingahluka ngurhulumente.

Ngenxa yokuthandwa kakhulu kweemveliso ze-ephedrine ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwe-FDA, abanye abantu basazama ukufumana iimveliso zokunciphisa umzimba ngesi sithako.

Ngesi sizathu, abanye abavelisi bokutya baya kuthengisa iimveliso zokunciphisa umzimba eziqulathe ezinye izinto ezifumaneka kwi-ephedra, kodwa hayi i-ephedrine alkaloids.

Ezi mveliso zinokungabinakho ukhuseleko ekuqwalaselweni kweemveliso eziqukethe i-ephedrine- kodwa zisenokungasebenzi kakuhle.

Ngelixa amanye amazwe angaphandle kwe-United States nawo evalile iimveliso ze-ephedrine, imigaqo ethile iyahluka.

Izongezo zokutya eziqukethe i-ephedrine alkaloids zazingavunyelwanga yi-FDA ngo-2004.

Umgca wezantsi

Isityalo ephedra kudala kusetyenziswa amayeza Asia.

I-Ephedrine, enye yezinto eziphambili kwi-ephedra, inokunyusa imetabolism kwaye ibangele ukwehla kobunzima-ngakumbi xa idityaniswe ne-caffeine.

Okwangoku, ngenxa yenkxalabo yezokhuseleko, izongezo zokutya eziqulathe i-ephedrine- kodwa hayi ezinye iikhompawundi kwi-ephedra- ngoku zivaliwe eUnited States nakwezinye iindawo.