Ukusebenza kweAutism ePhakamileyo

Umxholo

• Yintoni ukusebenza kwe-autism ephezulu?
• Ngaba yahlukile kwisifo sika-Asperger?
• Athini amanqanaba e-autism?
• Amiselwa njani amanqanaba eASD?
• Uphathwa njani amanqanaba awohlukeneyo?
• Umgca wezantsi

Yintoni ukusebenza kwe-autism ephezulu?

I-autism esebenzayo ayisiyo isifo esisemthethweni kunyango. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kubantu abane-autism spectrum disorder abafunda, babhale, bathethe, kwaye baphathe izakhono zobomi ngaphandle koncedo oluninzi.

Autism sisifo se-neurodevelopmental disorder esibonakaliswa bubunzima kunxibelelwano lwasentlalweni kunye nonxibelelwano. Iimpawu zayo zisusela kubumnene ziye kubukhali. Yiyo loo nto i-autism ngoku ibizwa ngokuba yi-autism spectrum disorder (ASD). I-autism esebenza ngokufuthi ihlala isetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kulawo akumandla endawo yokubonisa.

Funda ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-autism kunye namanqanaba asemthethweni e-autism.

Ngaba yahlukile kwisifo sika-Asperger?

Kude kube uhlaziyo lwangoku kwi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), imeko eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Asperger's syndrome ibisaziwa njengemeko eyahlukileyo. Abantu abafunyaniswe ukuba bane-Asperger's syndrome baneempawu ezininzi ezifanayo ne-autism ngaphandle kokulibaziseka ekusetyenzisweni kolwimi, ukukhula kwengqondo, ukukhula kwezakhono ezifanelekileyo zokuzinceda, indlela yokuziphatha eguqukayo kunye nomdla malunga nokusingqongileyo. Iimpawu zabo bezisoloko ziba nzima kwaye kunqabile ukuba zichaphazele ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ezi meko zimbini ziyinto enye, nangona ukusebenza kwe-autism ephezulu ingeyiyo imeko eyamkelweyo ngokusesikweni. Xa i-autism yaba yi-ASD, ezinye iingxaki ze-neurodevelopmental, kubandakanya i-Asperger's syndrome, zasuswa kwi-DSM-5. Endaweni yoko, i-autism ngoku yahlulwe ngokobunzima kwaye inokuhamba nezinye izinto ezingalunganga.

Athini amanqanaba e-autism?

Umbutho waseAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) ugcina ikhathalogu yeziphazamiso ezichongiweyo kunye neemeko. Incwadana yokuHlola kunye neNgcaciso yeMicimbi yokuPhazamiseka kwengqondo sele isetyenzisiwe kumashumi eminyaka ukunceda oogqirha bathelekise iimpawu kunye nokufumanisa isifo. Inguqulelo entsha, iDSM-5, yakhutshwa ngo-2013. Le nguqulelo yadibanisa zonke iimeko ezinxulumene ne-autism phantsi kwekota enye ye-umbrella - i-ASD.

Namhlanje, i-ASD yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amathathu abonisa ubungqongqo:

• Inqanaba 1. Eli lelona nqanaba lincinci le-ASD. Abantu kweli nqanaba ngokubanzi baneempawu eziphakathi ezingaphazamisiyo kakhulu emsebenzini, esikolweni, okanye kubudlelwane. Yile nto uninzi lwabantu lubhekisa kuyo xa besebenzisa amagama aphezulu asebenza nge-autism okanye i-Asperger's syndrome.
• Inqanaba 2. Abantu kweli nqanaba bafuna inkxaso engaphezulu, enjengonyango lokuthetha okanye uqeqesho lwezakhono zentlalo.
• Inqanaba 3. Eli lelona nqanaba linzima kwi-ASD. Abantu kweli nqanaba bafuna eyona nkxaso, kubandakanya ukuncediswa ngokusisigxina okanye unyango olunzulu kwezinye iimeko.

Amiselwa njani amanqanaba eASD?

Akukho vavanyo lunye lokumisela amanqanaba e-ASD. Endaweni yoko, ugqirha okanye ugqirha wezengqondo uza kuchitha ixesha elininzi ethetha nomntu kwaye ejonga indlela abaziphethe ngayo ukufumana umbono olungileyo wabo:

• ukukhula ngomlomo nangokomzwelo
• intlalontle kunye neemvakalelo
• Unxibelelwano olungenakuthetha

Baza kuzama nokulinganisa ukuba umntu uyakwazi kangakanani ukwenza okanye ukugcina ubudlelwane obunentsingiselo nabanye.

I-ASD inokufunyanwa kwangoko. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabantwana, kunye nabanye abantu abadala, abanokufunyanwa emva kwexesha. Ukufumanisa ukuba uneminyaka emdala kunokwenza ukuba unyango lube nzima ngakumbi. Ukuba wena okanye ugqirha wabantwana ucinga ukuba banoluphazamiseko, cinga ngokwenza idinga nengcali yeASD. Umbutho ongenzi nzuzo Autism Speaks inesixhobo esinokukunceda ufumane izixhobo kwilizwe lakho.

Uphathwa njani amanqanaba awohlukeneyo?

Azikho iingcebiso zonyango ezisemgangathweni kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-ASD. Unyango luxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezizodwa zomntu ngamnye. Abantu abanamanqanaba ahlukeneyo eASD banokufuna unyango olufanayo, kodwa abo bakwinqanaba 2 okanye inqanaba 3 loluphazamiseko luya kufuna unyango olunamandla, lwexesha elide kunelabo bakwinqanaba lokuqala.

Unyango olunokubakho lwe-ASD lubandakanya:

• Unyango lwentetho. I-ASD inokubangela imiba eyahlukeneyo yokuthetha. Abanye abantu abanoluphazamiseko bangangakwazi kwaphela ukuthetha, ngelixa abanye benokuba nengxaki yokuncokola nabanye. Unyango lwentetho lunokunceda ekusombululeni uluhlu lweengxaki zokuthetha.
• Ulungiso lwenyama. Abanye abantu abanoluphazamiseko banengxaki ngezakhono zemoto. Oku kunokwenza izinto ezinje ngokutsiba, ukuhamba, okanye ukubaleka nzima. Abantu abanoluphazamiseko banokufumana ubunzima kwezinye iimoto. Unyango lomzimba lunokunceda ukomeleza izihlunu kunye nokuphucula izakhono zemoto.
• Unyango emsebenzini. Unyango emsebenzini lunokukunceda ufunde ukusebenzisa izandla zakho, imilenze, okanye amanye amalungu omzimba ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kunokwenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye nokusebenza kube lula.
• Uqeqesho lweemvakalelo. Abantu abanoluphazamiseko banomdla kwizandi, izibane, kunye nokuchukumisa. Uqeqesho lweemvakalelo lunceda abantu ukuba bakhululeke ngakumbi xa bengena kwiimvakalelo.
• Uhlalutyo lokuziphatha olusetyenziswayo. Obu bubuchule obukhuthaza isimilo esihle. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zohlalutyo lokuziphatha, kodwa uninzi lusebenzisa inkqubo yomvuzo.
• Amayeza. Ngelixa kungekho amayeza ayenzelwe ukunyanga i-ASD, iintlobo ezithile zinokunceda ukulawula iimpawu ezithile, ezinje ngoxinzelelo okanye amandla aphezulu.

Funda nzulu malunga neentlobo zonyango ezifumanekayo zeASD.

Umgca wezantsi

I-autism esebenzayo ephezulu ayisosigama sonyango, kwaye ayinayo inkcazo ecacileyo. Kodwa abantu abasebenzisa eli gama kusenokwenzeka ukuba babhekisa kwinto efana nenqanaba lokuqala ASD. Inokuthelekiswa ne-Asperger's syndrome, imeko engasaziwa yi-APA.