Ngaba Kuyingozi Ukutya Okungunda? Hayi Njalo

Umxholo

• Yintoni Umngundo?
• Kukuphi ukutya onokukungcoliswa ngumngundo?
• Ukutya okuqhelekileyo okunokuKhula iMold
• Iibhaktiriya nazo zingonakalisa ukutya
• Yintoni omele uyenze ukuba ufumana umngundo kukutya kwakho
• Ukutya onokukuhlangula
• Ukutya Kufuneka Ukulahle
• Umngundo Usetyenziselwa Ukwenza Ukutya Okuthile
• Umngundo Unokuvelisa iiMycotoxin
• I-Mycotoxins inokubakho ngokutya okuThile
• Umngundo Unokubangela Ukusabela Okungathandekiyo
• Unokukuthintela Njani Ukutya Kwisikhunta Esikhulayo?
• Umgca osezantsi

Ukutya okonakeleyo kuhlala kubangelwa kukungunda.

Ukutya okubunjiweyo kunencasa engathandekiyo kunye nokuthungwa kwaye kunokuba neendawo eziluhlaza okanye ezimhlophe ezingacacanga.

Ingcamango yokutya ukutya okubunjiweyo iyabakhathaza abantu abaninzi.

Ngelixa ezinye iintlobo zokubumba zinokuvelisa ityhefu eyingozi, ezinye iintlobo zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ukutya okuthile, kubandakanya neentshizi.

Eli nqaku lijonga ngokuthe ngcembe ukungunda ekutyeni nokuba ngaba kukubi na kuwe.

Yintoni Umngundo?

Isikhunta luhlobo lwefungus olwenza izinto ezininzi ezinjengeeseli, ezinje ngemisonto.

Ihlala ibonakala kwiliso lomntu xa ikhula ekutyeni, kwaye itshintsha imbonakalo yokutya. Ukutya kunokuba buthambile kwaye kutshintshe umbala, ngelixa isikhunta ngokwaso sinokuthamba, sibe mbumbulu okanye sibe nothuli.

Ivelisa ama-spores ayinika umbala wayo, oqhelekileyo uluhlaza, umhlophe, umnyama okanye ngwevu. Ukutya okubunjiweyo kukwahluka ngokwahlukileyo, kufana nokungcola okumanzi. Ngokufanayo, ukutya okukungundo kunganuka.

Nokuba isikhunta sibonakala ngaphezulu kuphela, iingcambu zaso zinokulala nzulu ekutyeni. Umngundo ufuna ukufuma kwezinto ezifudumeleyo ukuze zikhule, ke ukutya kuhlala kuyindawo efanelekileyo.

Amawaka eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubumba akhona kwaye afunyanwa phantse kuyo yonke indawo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ungatsho ukuba ukungunda yindlela yendalo yokurisayikilisha.

Ukongeza ekukhoyo ekutyeni, inokufumaneka kwakhona ngaphakathi kwimeko efumileyo (1).

Eyona njongo iphambili yeendlela zokulondolozwa kokutya okufana nokukha, ukukhenkcisa kunye nokumisa, kukumisa ukukhula kwesikhunta, kunye neentsholongwane ezibangela ukonakala kokutya.

Isishwankathelo:Umngundo luhlobo lomngundo olufumaneka kuyo yonke indalo. Itshintsha inkangeleko, incasa kunye nemvakalo yokutya ekukhula kuko, ibangele ukubola.

Kukuphi ukutya onokukungcoliswa ngumngundo?

Umngundo unokukhula phantse kuko konke ukutya.

Oko kwathiwa, ezinye iintlobo zokutya zithande ukukhula ekubumbeni kunabanye.

Ukutya okutsha okunomthamo wamanzi kakhulu kusengozini. Kwelinye icala, izinto ezikhuselayo zinciphisa amathuba okukhula komngundo, kunye nokukhula kwamagciwane ().

Umngundo awukhuli kuphela ekutyeni kwakho ekhaya. Ingakhula ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso yokutya, kubandakanya nokukhula, ukuvuna, ukugcinwa okanye ukuqhubekeka ().

Ukutya okuqhelekileyo okunokuKhula iMold

Apha ngezantsi kukho ukutya okuqhelekileyo okumbumba okuthandayo ukukhula:

• Iziqhamo: Kubandakanywa amaqunube, iiorenji, iidiliya, iiapile kunye namaqunube
• Imifuno: Kubandakanywa iitumato, intsimbi ipepile, icauliflower kunye neminqathe
• Isonka: Ngokukodwa xa iqulethe i-preservatives
• Itshizi: Zombini iintlobo ezithambileyo nezinzima

Isikhunta sinokukhula nakokunye ukutya, kubandakanya inyama, amandongomane, ubisi kunye nokutya okwenziweyo.

Inkoliso yokubumba ifuna ioksijini ukuze iphile, yiyo loo nto ihlala ingakhuli kakuhle apho ioksijini inqongophele khona. Nangona kunjalo, ukungunda kungakhula ngokulula kukutya okupakishwe kwinto yokupakisha engenawo moya emva kokuba kuvuliwe.

Uninzi lwesikhunta ludinga ukufuma ukuze luphile, kodwa uhlobo oluthile olubizwa ngokuba yi-xerophilic mold lunokukhula ngamanye amaxesha kwiindawo ezomileyo, ezineswekile. Ukubumba kweXerophilic ngamanye amaxesha kunokufumaneka kwitshokholethi, kwiziqhamo ezomisiweyo nakwizinto ezibhakiweyo (,,).

Iibhaktiriya nazo zingonakalisa ukutya

Ayikokungunda kuphela okunokuhlala kunye nakukutya kwakho. Iibhaktheriya ezingabonakaliyo zingakhula kunye nayo.

Intsholongwane inokubangela izifo ezibangelwa kukutya, kunye neempawu kubandakanya isicaphucaphu, urhudo kunye nokugabha. Ubungqongqo bezi zigulo buxhomekeke kuhlobo lweebhaktiriya, inani elifunisiweyo kunye nempilo yomntu (1, 6).

Isishwankathelo:Umngundo unokukhula kuninzi lokutya. Ukutya okunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba nokukhula kwesikhunta kuhlala kukutsha kunye nomxholo wamanzi aphezulu. Oku kubandakanya iziqhamo, imifuno, isonka kunye netshizi. Uninzi lwesikhunta ludinga ukufuma, kodwa ezinye zinokuphumelela kukutya okomileyo kunye neswekile.

Yintoni omele uyenze ukuba ufumana umngundo kukutya kwakho

Ngokubanzi, ukuba ufumana ukungunda ekutyeni okuthambileyo, kuya kufuneka ukulahle.

Ukutya okuthambileyo kunomxholo ophezulu wokufuma, ngoko ke ukungunda kungakhula ngokulula ngaphantsi komphezulu wawo, ekunokuba nzima ukukubona. Iibhaktheriya ziyakhula kunye nayo.

Kulula ukulahla ukungunda kukutya okunzima, okunje ngeshizi elukhuni. Sika nje isahlulo sokubumba. Ngokubanzi, ukutya okuqinileyo okanye okuxineneyo akufuneki ngokulula kukungunda.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukutya kugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngumngundo kufuneka ukulahle. Kwakhona, ukuba ufumana ukungunda, musa ukusefota, kuba oku kunokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla.

Ukutya onokukuhlangula

Ezi zinto zokutya zinokusetyenziswa ukuba ukungunda kunqunyulwe (1):

• Iziqhamo eziqinileyo kunye nemifuno: Ezifana nee-apile, intsimbi kunye neekherothi
• Ishizi elinzimaZombini apho ukungunda kungeyonxalenye yenkqubo, njengeParmesan, kwaye apho ukungunda kuyinxalenye yokulungisa, njengoGorgonzola
• I-salami enzima kunye nelizwe eliphilileyo elomileyo

Xa ususa ukungunda ekutyeni, sika ubuncinci i-intshi enye (2.5 cm) ujikeleze nangaphantsi komngundo. Kwakhona, lumka ungachukumisi ukungunda ngemela.

Ukutya Kufuneka Ukulahle

Ukuba ufumana ukungunda kwezi zinto, zilahle (1):

• Iziqhamo ezithambileyo kunye nemifuno: Njengamaqunube, iikomkomere kunye neetumato.
• Isonka samasi esithambileyo: Njengendlwana kunye noshizi wekrimu, kunye noshizi ocoliweyo, otyumkileyo kunye nosikiweyo. Oku kubandakanya nesonka samasi esenziwe ngobumba kodwa sihlaselwe ngomnye umngundo obungeyonxalenye yenkqubo yokuvelisa.
• Isonka kunye nezinto ezibhakiweyo: Umngundo unokukhula ngokulula ngaphantsi komphezulu womhlaba.
• Ukutya okuphekiweyo: Kubandakanya ii-casseroles, inyama, ipasta kunye neenkozo.
• Ijam kunye neejeli: Ukuba ezi mveliso zingumbumba, zinokuba ne-mycotoxins.
• Ipeanut butter, iimbotyi kunye namandongomane: Iimveliso ezenziwa ngaphandle kokubulala zisengozini enkulu yokukhula komngundo.
• Ukuhambisa inyama, ibhekoni, izinja ezishushu
• I-yogurt kunye nekhilimu omuncu

Isishwankathelo:Ukutya okuthambileyo kunye nomxholo wokufuma okuphezulu ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka ukuba kube nokubumba. Unokusika ukungunda ukutya okuqinileyo okanye okuqinileyo.

Umngundo Usetyenziselwa Ukwenza Ukutya Okuthile

Umngundo awusoloko ungafuneki ekutyeni.

IPenicillium Uhlobo lwesikhunta esisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi zeshizi, kubandakanya itshizi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iGorgonzola, ibrie kunye neCamembert (,).

Iintlobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza ezi chees zikhuselekile ukuba zingatyiwa kuba azinako ukuvelisa ii-mycotoxins eziyingozi. Iimeko apho bahlala ngaphakathi kwesonka samasi azilunganga kwimveliso yee-mycotoxins (,).

Olunye ulondolozo olukhuselekileyo luyi-koji molds, kubandakanywa I-Aspergillus oryzae, ezisetyenziselwa ukubila iimbotyi zesoya ukwenza isosi yesoya. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iviniga, kunye neziselo ezinxilisayo, kubandakanya neziselo zaseJapan ().

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba nangona ezinye izinto zokubumba zongezwa kukutya okuthile ngexesha lokuvelisa ukufezekisa iziphumo ezithile, ukungunda okufanayo kusengonakalisa ezinye iimveliso.

Umzekelo, IPenicillium roqueforti Isetyenziselwa ukwenza itshizi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa iya kubangela ukonakala ukuba ikhula kwitshizi entsha okanye egalelweyo ().

Isishwankathelo: Iinkampani zokutya zisebenzisa ukungunda okuthile ukwenza itshizi, isosi yesoya, iviniga kunye neziselo ezinxilisayo. Ezi zinto zibunjiweyo zikhuselekile ukuba zingatya, ukuba nje zisetyenziswa njengenxalenye yokutya ebekucetyelwe zona kwaye zingangcolisi okunye ukutya.

Umngundo Unokuvelisa iiMycotoxin

Umngundo unokuvelisa imichiza enetyhefu ebizwa ngokuba zii-mycotoxins. Oku kunokubangela isifo kunye nokufa, kuxhomekeke kwisixa esisetyenzisiweyo, ubude bokubhengeza kunye nobudala kunye nempilo yomntu ().

Ityhefu ebukhali ibandakanya iimpawu zesisu njengokugabha kunye norhudo, kunye nezifo zesibindi. Amanqanaba asezantsi exesha elide e-mycotoxins anokucinezela amajoni omzimba kwaye anokubangela nomhlaza (,).

Ngaphandle kokuvezwa ngokungenisa ukutya okungcolileyo, abantu banokuvezwa ngokusezela okanye ukudibana nolusu kunye ne-mycotoxins kwindalo esingqongileyo ().

Nangona ukukhula kwesikhunta kuhlala kucacile, ii-mycotoxins ngokwazo azibonakali kwiliso lomntu (14).

Enye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo, inetyhefu kunye neyona mycotoxins ifundwayo yi-aflatoxin. Yaziwa ngokuba yi-carcinogen kwaye inokubangela ukufa xa ithe yangeniswa ngesixa esiphezulu. Ungcoliseko lwe-Aflatoxin luxhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla eshushu kwaye ihlala inxulunyaniswa nemeko yembalela ().

I-Aflatoxin, kunye nezinye ezininzi i-mycotoxins, izinzile kakhulu ngobushushu, ukuze iphile xa kusenziwa ukutya. Ke ngoko, inokubakho ekutyeni okusetyenzwe, njengebhotolo yamandongomane ().

Isishwankathelo:Umngundo unokuvelisa ii-mycotoxins ezinokubangela izifo nokufa. I-Aflatoxin, i-carcinogen eyaziwayo, yeyona mycotoxin inetyhefu.

I-Mycotoxins inokubakho ngokutya okuThile

I-Mycotoxins inokufumaneka ekutyeni ngenxa yezityalo ezingcolisekileyo.

Ngapha koko, ukungcoliseka kwe-mycotoxin yingxaki eqhelekileyo kwishishini lezolimo, njengoko i-mycotoxins ziveliswa ngumngundo kwindalo. Ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-25 zezityalo eziziinkozo zehlabathi zinokungcoliseka zii-mycotoxins ().

Iindidi zezityalo zingangcoliseka, kubandakanya umbona, ihabile, irayisi, amandongomane, iziqholo, iziqhamo kunye nemifuno.

Zininzi izinto ezichaphazela ukwenziwa kwee-mycotoxins. Umzekelo, imbalela izenza buthathaka izityalo, izenze zibesemngciphekweni wokonakaliswa kunye nokuhlaselwa (.).

Imveliso yezilwanyana, njengenyama, ubisi kunye namaqanda, zinokuqulatha i-mycotoxins ukuba izilwanyana zitye ukutya okungcolileyo. Ukutya nako kungangcoliseka yimiycotoxin xa kugcinwa ukuba imeko yokugcina ifudumele kwaye ifumile (,).

Kwingxelo evela kwiGunya loKhuseleko loKutya laseYurophu (i-EFSA), ama-26% eesampulu ezingama-40,000 zezinto zokutya ezahlukeneyo zaziqulathe ii-mycotoxins. Nangona kunjalo, inani leesampulu ezigqithe kumda ophezulu okhuselekileyo laliphantsi kakhulu kwizinto ezininzi (16).

Amanqanaba aphezulu afunyenwe kwiipistachios kunye namantongomane eBrazil.

Ngaphezulu kwe-21% yamandongomane eBrazil kunye ne-19% yeepistachios ezivavanyiweyo zigqithile kumda wokhuseleko kwaye zazingayi kungena kwintengiso. Xa kuthelekiswa, akukho nanye ekutyeni komntwana kwaye kuphela yi-0.6% yengqolowa egqithile kumda wokhuseleko (16).

Kuba ukwakheka kwe-mycotoxin akunakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo, imboni yokutya iseke iindlela zokubeka iliso kuyo. Amanqanaba e-mycotoxins kukutya alawulwa ngokungqongqo kumazwe amalunga ne-100 (,,).

Ngelixa uchanazekile kwixabiso elincinci lezi tyhefu ngokutya kwakho, amanqanaba awadluli kwimida ekhuselekileyo. Ukuba ungumntu ophilileyo, ngekhe bakwenzakalise. Ngelishwa, akunakwenzeka ukuthintela ukubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo.

Kwaye nangona isikhunta sinokuvelisa ezi tyhefu ziyingozi, zihlala zingenzeki de umngundo ufikelele ekuvuthweni kwaye iimeko zilungile- oko kukuthi, xa ukutya kubolile. Ke ngelixesha ukutya kwakho kuqukethe ezi tyhefu, sele sele uyilahlile (18).

Isishwankathelo:Umngundo ukho ngokwemvelo kwindalo kwaye unokufumaneka kukutya okuninzi. Amanqanaba ee-mycotoxins ekutyeni alawulwa ngokungqongqo. Umngundo uvelisa ityhefu wakuba ufikelele ebudaleni, kodwa oku kuhlala kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba uyilahlile.

Umngundo Unokubangela Ukusabela Okungathandekiyo

Abanye abantu banokuphefumla komzimba kwi-molds, kwaye ukutya ukutya okubunjiweyo kunokubangela ukuba aba bantu baphendule.

Akukho phando lukhulu lukhoyo kwesi sihloko, kodwa kuye kwakho izifundo ezininzi.

Kwimeko encinci yamatyala, abantu abangadibaniyo nokubumba baye baxela iimpawu zokungabikho komzimba emva kokuba betye iQuorn. I-Quorn yimveliso yokutya eyenziwe nge-mycoproteins, okanye iiproteni zomngundo, ezivela kwisikhunta IFusarium venenatum (, , , ).

Ngaphandle kwezi ziganeko, akukho sidingo sabantu abasempilweni ukunqanda i-Quorn.

Kwesinye imeko yokufunda, isigulana ebesikhathalele kakhulu isikhunta siye sanengxaki yokungalungelani emva kokungenisa isongezelelo se-pollen yenyosi eyayingcoliswe ngumngundo. Ngenye indlela kwaye ICladosporium ().

Kwelinye ityala, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo owaliwa kukungunda wasweleka emva kokutya umxube wepancake owawungcoliswe kakhulu ngumngundo ().

Abantu abangathathi ntweni okanye abangadibaniyo nokubumbana abanakuchaphazeleka ukuba ngengozi batya isixa esincinci sayo.

Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abantu abangakhathalelwanga kukungunda banamava ambalwa kunalawo abebekhathalele ukubumba emva kokuba betyile amalungiselelo okulungisa ukungunda. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zifundo zininzi ezikhoyo kwesi sihloko, kungoko kufuneka uphando oluninzi ().

Isishwankathelo:Abantu abanesifo sokuphefumula kwi-mold bangaba neempembelelo emva kokutya isikhunta. Uphando oluthe kratya kwesi sihloko luyafuneka.

Unokukuthintela Njani Ukutya Kwisikhunta Esikhulayo?

Zininzi iindlela zokuthintela ukutya kungonakali ngenxa yokukhula komngundo.

Ukugcina indawo ogcina kuyo ukutya kucocekile kubalulekile, kuba imbewu evela ekutyeni okutyikityiweyo inokwakha kwifriji okanye kwezinye iindawo zokugcina eziqhelekileyo. Ukuphathwa ngendlela eyiyo nako kubalulekile.

Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokuthintela ukukhula kwesikhunta kukutya (1):

• Coca ifriji yakho rhoqo: Sula ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwiinyanga ezimbalwa.
• Gcina izinto zokucoca zicocekile: Oku kubandakanya amalaphu okuhlamba izitya, iziponji kunye nezinye izixhobo zokucoca.
• Sukuvumela imveliso yakho ibole: Ukutya okutsha kuneshelfu encinci. Thenga imali encinci ngexesha kwaye ulisebenzise kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
• Gcina ukutya okonakalayo kupholile: Gcina ukutya okuneshelufu, njengemifuno, kwisikhenkcisi, kwaye ungakushiyi ngaphandle ngaphezulu kweeyure ezimbini.
• Izikhongozeli zokugcina kufuneka zicoceke kwaye zitywinwe kakuhle: Sebenzisa izikhongozeli ezicocekileyo xa ugcina ukutya kwaye ukugubungele ukunqanda ukubonakaliswa kukungunda kwembewu esemoyeni.
• Sebenzisa ukutya okuseleyo ngokukhawuleza: Yitya okuseleyo ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezine.
• Umkhenkce wokugcina ixesha elide: Ukuba awucwangcisi ukutya ukutya kungekudala, kufake kwisikhenkcezisi.

Isishwankathelo:Ucoceko lubalulekile ukuthintela ukukhula kwesikhunta. Qiniseka ukuba ukugcina ukutya okonakalayo kwifriji kwaye ukubambe ngokufanelekileyo.

Umgca osezantsi

Umngundo ufumaneka kuyo yonke indalo. Xa iqala ukukhula ekutyeni, ibangela ukuba ibole.

Umngundo unokuvelisa i-mycotoxins eyingozi kuzo zonke iintlobo zokutya, kodwa amanqanaba e-mycotoxin alawulwa ngokuqinileyo. Ukuvezwa kwemali encinci akunakubangela monakalo kubantu abasempilweni.

Kwakhona, i-mycotoxins yenzeka kuphela xa ukungunda sele kufikelele kwinqanaba lokuvuthwa. Ngelo xesha, mhlawumbi sele ulahlile ukutya kude.

Oko kwathiwa, kuya kufuneka uphephe ukutya okunesikhunta kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngakumbi ukuba unesifo sokuphefumla.

Nangona kunjalo, ukungenisa ngempazamo ngekhe kubangele monakalo.