I-Meningitis kuBantwana

Umxholo

• Iimpawu ze-meningitis kwiintsana
• Oonobangela meningitis kwiintsana
• Yentsholongwane meningitis
• Bacterial meningitis
• I-meningitis yomngundo
• Ukuchongwa kwe-meningitis kwiintsana
• Unyango lwe-meningitis kwiintsana
• Yentsholongwane meningitis
• Bacterial meningitis
• I-meningitis yomngundo
• Ukuthintela i-meningitis kwiintsana
• Yentsholongwane meningitis
• Bacterial meningitis
• I-meningitis yomngundo
• Iziphumo zexesha elide kunye nembonakalo

Ushwankathelo

I-Meningitis kukukrala kweembumba ezintathu (i-meninges) ezibeka ingqele kunye nentambo yomqolo.

Nangona i-meningitis inokuchaphazela abantu nabuphi na ubudala, abantwana abangaphantsi kwe-2 basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana i-meningitis. Usana lwakho lunokufumana i-meningitis xa iintsholongwane, intsholongwane, okanye ukungunda kusulela elinye inxenye lomzimba wabo lihamba egazini liye kwingqondo kunye nasemqolo.

Ngaphandle kokuzalwa oku-1 000, malunga ne-0.1 ukuya kwi-0.4 neonates (umntwana ongaphantsi kweentsuku ezingama-28 ubudala) ufumana i-meningitis, uqikelelo lokuphononongwa ngo-2017. Yimeko embi, kodwa iipesenti ezingama-90 zezi ntsana ziyaphila. Isifundo esifanayo siphawula naphi na ukusuka kuma-20 ukuya kuma-50 eepesenti kubo baneengxaki zexesha elide, ezinje ngobunzima bokufunda kunye neengxaki zombono.

Bekusoloko kuyinto engaqhelekanga, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza okulwa ne-bacterial meningitis kulinciphise kakhulu inani leentsana ezilifumanayo.

Phambi kokuba kubekho isitofu sokugonya se-pneumococcal, ndafumana i-pneumococcal meningitis, i-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inika ingxelo. Ukususela ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2007, xa isitofu sokugonya besisetyenziswa rhoqo, malunga ne-8 000 kwabantwana abali-100 000 abaneminyaka eli-1 ukuya kuma-23 abafumana naluphi na uhlobo lwe-bacterial meningitis.

Iimpawu ze-meningitis kwiintsana

Iimpawu ze-meningitis zinokuza ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Usana lwakho lunokuba nzima ukuthuthuzela, ngakumbi xa lubanjiwe. Ezinye iimpawu emntwaneni zingabandakanya:

• ukukhulisa umkhuhlane omkhulu ngokukhawuleza
• ukungatyi kakuhle
• ukugabha
• ukungasebenzi okanye ukubanamandla kunesiqhelo
• ukozela kakhulu okanye kunzima ukuvuka
• ukucaphuka msinya kunesiqhelo
• ukukhululeka kwendawo ethambileyo entloko (i-fontanel)

Ezinye iimpawu kunokuba nzima ukuzibona kusana, ezinje:

• intloko ebuhlungu
• ukuqina kwentamo
• uvakalelo ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo

Ngamaxesha athile, usana lunokuxhuzula. Amaxesha amaninzi oku kubangelwa ngumkhuhlane omkhulu kwaye hayi isifo sokudumba kwenwebu uqobo.

Oonobangela meningitis kwiintsana

Ibhakteria, iintsholongwane, okanye ukungunda kunokubangela i-meningitis kusana.

I-meningitis yentsholongwane sele ingoyena nobangela uqhelekileyo we-meningitis. Ukusukela oko kwaphuhliswa izitofu zokuthintela ibacteria meningitis, olu hlobo lwe-meningitis luye lwanda ngokungaqhelekanga. I-Fungal meningitis inqabile.

Yentsholongwane meningitis

I-virus ye-meningitis idla ngokungabi nzulu njenge-bacterial okanye fungal meningitis, kodwa ezinye iintsholongwane zibangela usuleleko olunzima. Iintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ezidla ngokubangela izifo ezincinci zibandakanya:

• Ii-enteroviruses ezingezizo zepoliyo. Ezi ntsholongwane zibangela iimeko ezininzi zentsholongwane ye-meningitis e-United States. Zibangela iintlobo ezininzi zosulelo, kubandakanya ukubanda. Abantu abaninzi bayazifumana, kodwa bambalwa abafumana i-meningitis. Iintsholongwane zisasazeka xa umntwana wakho edibana nesitulo esosulelekileyo okanye imfihlo yomlomo.
• Umkhuhlane. Le ntsholongwane ibangela umkhuhlane. Isasazeka ngokunxibelelana neemfihlo ezisuka emiphungeni okanye emlonyeni womntu osulelekileyo.
• Imasisi kunye noqwilikana. I-Meningitis yingxaki enqabileyo yezi ntsholongwane zisulelayo. Zisasazeka ngokulula ngokudibana neemfihlo ezosulelekileyo ezisuka kwimiphunga nasemlonyeni.

Iintsholongwane ezinokubangela ukuba i-meningitis ibaluleke kakhulu zibandakanya:

• Varicella. Le ntsholongwane ibangela irhashalala. Isasazeka ngokulula ngokudibana nomntu onayo.
• Intsholongwane ye-Herpes simplex. Umntwana uqhele ukulifumana kunina esibelekweni okanye ngexesha lokuzalwa.
• Intsholongwane yeNayile. Oku kudluliselwa ngokulunywa yingcongconi.

Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5, kubandakanya neentsana, banomngcipheko ophezulu wokufumana i-viral meningitis. Iintsana eziphakathi kokuzalwa kunye ne-1 yenyanga ubudala kunokwenzeka ukuba zikhule ngesifo esosulelayo.

Bacterial meningitis

Ngexesha leentsuku zokuqala ezingama-28 zobomi, ibacteria meningitis isoloko ibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba:

• Iqela B IStreptococcus.Oku kudla ngokusasazeka ukusuka kumama kuye kusana lwakhe xa luzalwa.
• I-bacill ye-gram-negative, enje I-Escherichia coli (E. coli) kwaye UKlebsiella pneumoniae.E. coli unokusasaza ngokutya okungcolileyo, ukutya okulungiselelwe ngumntu obesebenzisa indlu yangasese ngaphandle kokuhlamba izandla emva koko, okanye ukusuka kumama kuye kosana ngexesha lokuzalwa.
• IListeria monocytogenes.I-Neonates ihlala ifumana oku kumama wayo esibelekweni. Ngamaxesha athile umntwana unokuyifumana ngexesha lokubeleka. Umama uyifumana ngokutya ukutya okungcolileyo.

Kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5, kubandakanya neentsana ezingaphezu kwenyanga enye ubudala, ezona bhaktiriya zixhaphakileyo zibangela i-meningitis zezi:

• IStreptococcus pneumoniae. Le bhaktiriya ifumaneka kwizono, empumlweni nasemiphungeni. Isasazeka ngokuphefumla komoya ukuba umntu osulelekileyo uthimle okanye akhohlele kuwo. Ngoyena nobangela uqhelekileyo webacteria meningitis kwiintsana ezingaphantsi kweminyaka emi-2.
• I-Neisseria meningitidis. Esi sizathu sesibini esiqhelekileyo sesifo se-bacterial meningitis. Isasazeka ngokudibana nemfihlo ephuma emiphungeni okanye emlonyeni womntu onayo. Iintsana ezingaphantsi konyaka omnye ubudala zisemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana oku.
• Haemophilus influenzaeuhlobo b (Hib). Oku kusasazwa ngokudibana neemfihlo ezivela emlonyeni womntu ophetheyo. Abathwali bebacteria bahlala bengaguli ngokwabo kodwa banokukugulisa. Umntwana kufuneka abe nonxibelelwano olusondeleyo nomphathi iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuze ayifumane. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweentsana luya kuba ziziphathi kuphela kwaye aluyi kufumana meningitis.

I-meningitis yomngundo

I-Fungal meningitis inqabile kakhulu kuba ihlala ichaphazela abantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka.

Iindidi ezininzi zomngundo zinokubangela i-meningitis. Zintathu iindidi zefungus ezihlala emhlabeni, kwaye olunye uhlobo luhlala kwilindle kunye nencindi yeentaka. Ngundo ingena emzimbeni ngokuphefumlwa ngaphakathi.

Iintsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kwexesha ezingabinobunzima kakhulu zinomngcipheko ophezulu wokufumana usulelo lwegazi kwifungus ebizwa UCandida. Usana luhlala lungena kule fungus esibhedlele emva kokuzalwa. Emva koko inokuhamba iye kwingqondo, ibangele i-meningitis.

Ukuchongwa kwe-meningitis kwiintsana

Iimvavanyo zinokuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa kwe-meningitis kwaye zichonge ukuba yintoni ebangela umzimba. Uvavanyo lubandakanya:

• Iinkcubeko zegazi. Igazi elisuswe emthanjeni wosana lwakho lisasazeka kwiipleyiti ezikhethekileyo apho ibhaktiriya, intsholongwane, okanye ukungunda kukhula kakuhle. Ukuba kukho into ekhulayo, mhlawumbi ingunobangela we-meningitis.
• Uvavanyo lwegazi. Elinye igazi elikhutshiweyo liya kuhlalutywa kwilebhu kwiimpawu zosulelo.
• Ukugqobhoza iLumbar. Olu vavanyo lukwabizwa ngokuba yimpompo yomnqonqo. Olunye ulwelo olujikeleze ingqondo yomntwana wakho kunye nentambo yomqolo luyasuswa luvavanywe. Ikwabekwa kwiipleyiti ezikhethekileyo ukubona ukuba akukho nto ikhulayo na.
• Ukuskena i-CT. Ugqirha wakho unokufumana i-CT scan entlokweni yosana lwakho ukuze abone ukuba ikhona ipokotho yosulelo, ebizwa ngokuba yithumba.

Unyango lwe-meningitis kwiintsana

Unyango lwe-meningitis luxhomekeke kwisizathu. Iintsana ezineentlobo ezithile ze-viral meningitis zibangcono ngaphandle konyango.

Nangona kunjalo, soloko umsa kugqirha umntwana wakho ngokukhawuleza nangaliphi na ixesha ukrokrela i-meningitis. Awunakuqiniseka ukuba yintoni ebangela de ugqirha wakho enze iimvavanyo kuba iimpawu ziyafana nezinye iimeko.

Xa kufuneka, unyango kufuneka luqale ngokukhawuleza kwisiphumo esifanelekileyo.

Yentsholongwane meningitis

Uninzi lwexesha, i-meningitis ngenxa ye-non-polio enteroviruses, umkhuhlane, kunye noqwilikana kunye neentsholongwane zemasisi zincinci. Nangona kunjalo, abantwana abancinci basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba nezifo eziqatha. Umntwana onayo angangcono kwiintsuku ezili-10 ngaphandle kokufuna unyango.

I-Meningitis ebangelwa zezinye iintsholongwane, ezinje nge-varicella, i-herpes simplex, kunye ne-West Nile virus, zinokuba mandundu. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba umntwana wakho kufuneka alaliswe esibhedlele kwaye anyangwe ngeyeza le-intravenous (IV).

Bacterial meningitis

Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane asetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-bacterial meningitis. Zihlala zinikwa nge-IV. Usana lwakho kuya kufuneka luhlale esibhedlele.

I-meningitis yomngundo

Usulelo lomngundo luphathwa ngamayeza okubulala i-IV. Umntwana wakho kuya kufuneka afumane unyango esibhedlele inyanga okanye nangaphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba usulelo lomngundo kunzima ukwahlukana nalo.

Ukuthintela i-meningitis kwiintsana

Izitofu zokugonya zinokuthintela uninzi, kodwa ayizizo zonke, iintlobo ze-meningitis ukuba zinikwe njengoko kucetyisiwe. Akukho ziipesenti ezili-100 ezisebenzayo, ngoko ke neentsana ezigonywayo zinokufumana i-meningitis.

Qaphela ukuba nangona kukho "isitofu sokugonya i-meningitis," senzelwe uhlobo oluthile lwe-bacterial meningitis ebizwa ngokuba yi-meningococcal meningitis. Kucetyiswa ngokubanzi kubantwana abadala nakwishumi elivisayo eUnited States. Ayisetyenziswanga kwiintsana.

Kwamanye amazwe afana ne-United Kingdom, abantwana bahlala befumana isitofu sokugonya i-meningitis.

Yentsholongwane meningitis

Izitofu zokulwa iintsholongwane ezinokukhokelela kwi-meningitis zezi:

• Umkhuhlane. Oku kukhusela kwi-meningitis ebangelwa yintsholongwane yomkhuhlane. Inikwa minyaka le iqala kwiinyanga ezintandathu ubudala. Nangona abantwana abancinci bengalufumani olu gonyo, luyakhusela xa amalungu osapho kunye nabanye abaya kuba kufutshane nosana lwakho begonyiwe.
• Varicella. Eli gonyo likhusela kwirhashalala. Eyokuqala inikwa xa umntwana wakho eneenyanga ezili-12 ubudala.
• Imasisi, uqwilikana, irubella (MMR). Ukuba umntwana wakho ufumana imasisi okanye uqwilikana, oko kungakhokelela kwi-meningitis. Eli gonyo likhusela kwezi ntsholongwane. Idosi yokuqala inikwa kwiinyanga ezili-12 ubudala.

Bacterial meningitis

Izitofu zokuthintela usulelo ezinokukhokelela kwi-bacterial meningitis kwiintsana zezi:

• Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo lokugonya lwe-b (Hib). Oku kukhusela ngokuchasene H. umkhuhlane iintsholongwane. Kumazwe ahambele phambili, njenge-United States, eli chiza liphantse lashenxisa olu hlobo lwe-meningitis. Isitofu sokugonya sikhusela umntwana ekufumaneni isifo sokudumba kwenwebu yengqondo nokuba sisiphathi. Ukunciphisa inani labathwali kukhokelela ekukhuseleni umhlambi. Oku kuthetha ukuba neentsana ezingagonywanga zinokhuselo oluthile kuba kunqabile ukuba zidibane nomphathi. Idosi yokuqala inikwa kwiinyanga ezi-2 ubudala.
• Ugonyo lwe-Pneumococcal (PCV13). Oku kukhusela kwi-meningitis ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi ze IStreptococcus pneumoniae. Idosi yokuqala inikwa kwiinyanga ezi-2 ubudala.
• Isitofu sokugonya se-Meningococcal. Eli gonyo likhusela I-Neisseria meningitidis. Akunikezelwa rhoqo kude kube yiminyaka eyi-11, ngaphandle kokuba kukho ingxaki ngesistim somzimba somntwana okanye bahamba kumazwe apho ibhaktheriya iqhelekileyo. Ukuba kunjalo, ke unikwa ukuqala kwiinyanga ezi-2 ubudala.

Ukuhamba kweqela B, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane anokunikwa umama ngexesha lokubeleka ukunceda ukuthintela usana ekulufumaneni.

Abafazi abakhulelweyo kufuneka baphephe itshizi eyenziwe ngobisi olungafakwanga ngenxa yokuba ngumthombo oqhelekileyo IListeria. Oku kunceda ukuthintela umama ekungeneni kwisivumelwano IListeria emva koko ayigqithisele kusana lwakhe.

Landela izilumkiso ngokubanzi ukuthintela usulelo kwaye uncede ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana i-meningitis nakweyiphi na intsholongwane okanye intsholongwane:

• Hlamba izandla zakho rhoqo, ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuphatha ukutya nasemva koku:
  • usebenzisa igumbi lokuhlambela
  • ukutshintsha ilweyile lomntwana wakho
  • ukuvala umlomo wakho ukuthimla okanye ukukhohlela
  • ukuvuthela impumlo
  • ukukhathalela umntu onokuthi asulele okanye abe nosulelo
• Sebenzisa indlela efanelekileyo yokuhlamba izandla. Oku kuthetha ukuhlamba ngesepha kunye namanzi ashushu ubuncinci imizuzwana engama-20. Qiniseka ukuba uhlamba izihlahla zakho naphantsi kweenzipho zakho namakhonkco.
• Vala umlomo wakho ngengqiniba yengqiniba okanye ithishu ngalo lonke ixesha uthimla okanye ukhohlela. Ukuba usebenzisa isandla sakho ukogquma, sihlambe kwangoko.
• Musa ukwabelana ngezinto ezinokuthwala amathe, anjengeendiza, iikomityi, iipleyiti kunye nezinto. Kuphephe ukwanga umntu ogulayo.
• Musa ukuchukumisa umlomo wakho okanye ubuso ukuba izandla zakho azihlanjwa.
• Rhoqo ucoceke kwaye ubulale iintsholongwane kwizinto oqhele ukuzibamba, njengefowuni, ikhibhodi yekhompyuter, iirimothi, izixhobo zomsebenzi, kunye nezinto zokudlala.

I-meningitis yomngundo

Akukho zitofu zokugonya ze-fungal meningitis. Iintsana aziqhelekanga kwindawo apho uninzi lweefungi zihlala khona, ngoko ke akunakulindeleka ukuba zifumane i-fungal meningitis.

Kuba ihlala icholwa esibhedlele, ukusebenzisa izilumkiso zokosuleleka kwesiqhelo kunokunceda ukuthintela a UCandida usulelo, olunokukhokelela kwi-meningitis, kubantwana abanobunzima obuphantsi ngaphambi kwexesha.

Iziphumo zexesha elide kunye nembonakalo

I-Meningitis yinto engaqhelekanga kodwa enobuzaza, nosulelo olusongela ubomi. Nangona kunjalo, umntwana uya kuhlala ephola ngokupheleleyo xa efunyaniswe kwaye wanyangwa kwangoko.

Ukuba unyango lulibazisekile, umntwana usenokuphinda aphile, kodwa banokushiyeka kunye nefuthe elinye okanye nangaphezulu, kubandakanya:

• ubumfama
• isithulu
• ukuxhuzula
• ulwelo olujikeleze ingqondo (i-hydrocephalus)
• ukulimala kwengqondo
• ubunzima bokufunda

Uqikelelo lwama-85 ukuya kuma-90 ekhulwini lwabantu (abantwana kunye nabantu abadala) abane-meningitis ngenxa yeebhaktiriya ze-meningococcal. Ngokujikeleze iipesenti ezili-11 ukuya kwezi-19 kuya kuba nefuthe lexesha elide.

Oku kunokuvakala kukoyikisa, kodwa ubeke enye indlela, malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 ukuya kuma-90 zabantu abaphilayo abanaziphumo zexesha elide. I-CDC iqikelela ukuba i-meningitis ngenxa ye-pneumococcus isinda.