Ukuphefumla -ukucothisa okanye ukuyeka

Ukuphefumla okuyeka nakweyiphi na into kuthiwa yi-apnea. Ukuphefumla okucothayo kubizwa ngokuba yi-bradypnea. Ukuphefumla nzima okanye nzima ukuphefumla kuyaziwa ngokuba yi-dyspnea.

I-apnea inokuza kwaye ihambe kwaye ibe yesikhashana. Oku kunokwenzeka nge-apnea yokulala ephazamisayo, umzekelo.

Ukuphefumla ixesha elide kuthetha ukuba umntu uyekile ukuphefumla. Ukuba intliziyo isasebenza, imeko yaziwa njengokubanjwa ngokuphefumla. Esi sisiganeko esisongela ubomi esidinga unyango kwangoko kunye noncedo lokuqala.

I-apnea yexesha elide engenayo imisebenzi yentliziyo kumntu ongaphenduliyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-cardiac (okanye i-cardiopulmonary). Kwiintsana nabantwana, esona sizathu siqhelekileyo sokubanjwa kwentliziyo kukubanjwa kokuphefumla. Kubantu abadala, okuchaseneyo kuhlala kwenzeka, ukubanjwa kwentliziyo kuhlala kukhokelela ekubanjweni kokuphefumla.

Ubunzima bokuphefumla bungakho ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zokuphefumla kwiintsana nabantwana abancinci zahlukile kwezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kubantu abadala.

Unobangela oqhelekileyo wobunzima bokuphefumla kwiintsana nakubantwana abancinci kubandakanya:

• Isifo sombefu
• I-Bronchiolitis (ukuvuvukala kunye nokunciphisa izakhiwo ezincinci zokuphefumla kwimiphunga)
• Ukukrwitsha
• I-Encephalitis (ukudumba kwengqondo kunye nosulelo oluchaphazela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yobuchopho)
• I-Reflux ye-Gastroesophageal (isitshisa)
• Ukubamba umphefumlo omnye
• I-Meningitis (ukudumba kunye nosulelo lwethishu ebambe ubuchopho kunye nentambo yomqolo)
• Ukukrala kwemiphunga
• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha
• Ukuxhuzula

Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokuphefumula (i-dyspnea) kubantu abadala zibandakanya:

• Ukuphendula ngokuchaseneyo okubangela ukuba ulwimi, umqala, okanye okunye ukuvuvukala komoya
• Isifuba okanye ezinye izifo zemiphunga
• Ukubanjwa kwe-cardiac
• Ukukrwitsha
• Ukugqithisa iziyobisi, ngakumbi ngenxa yotywala, iipilisi zentlungu, i-barbiturates, i-anesthetics kunye nezinye izinto zokudakumba
• Ulwelo emiphungeni
• Ukuphefumla kokulala okuthintelayo

Ezinye izizathu zokuphefumla zibandakanya:

• Ukulimala kwentloko okanye ukwenzakala entanyeni, emlonyeni, nakwilarynx (ibhokisi yelizwi)
• Ukuhlaselwa yintliziyo
• Ukubetha kwentliziyo ngokungaqhelekanga
• I-Metabolic (umzimba wamachiza, amaminerali, kunye ne-acid-base) ukuphazamiseka
• Kufutshane nokuntywila
• Ukubetha kwentliziyo kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha kunye ne-nervous system (neurological) ukuphazamiseka
• Ukulimala kwindonga yesifuba, intliziyo, okanye imiphunga
  

Funa unyango kwangoko okanye utsalele inombolo yongxamiseko yendawo yakho (enje nge-911) ukuba umntu onengxaki yokuphefumla:

• Uba sisiqhwala
• Uxhuzula
• Ngaba akalumkanga (ulahlekelwa yingqondo)
• Uhlala esozela
• Iba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Ukuba umntu uyekile ukuphefumla, tsalela uncedo olungxamisekileyo kwaye wenze i-CPR (ukuba uyazi njani). Xa ukwindawo kawonke-wonke, jonga isixhobo sokwenza izixhobo zangaphandle esizisebenzelayo (AED) kwaye ulandele umkhombandlela.

I-CPR okanye amanye amanyathelo angxamisekileyo aya kwenziwa kwigumbi likaxakeka okanye kwi-ambulensi ingcali yezonyango (EMT) okanye i paramedic.

Nje ukuba umntu azinze, umboneleli wezempilo uya kwenza uvavanyo lomzimba, olubandakanya ukumamela izandi zentliziyo kunye nezandi zokuphefumla.

Imibuzo iya kubuzwa malunga nembali yonyango lomntu kunye neempawu, kubandakanya:

UMZEKELO WEXESHA

• Ngaba oku kuye kwenzeka ngaphambili?
• Ude kangakanani umcimbi?
• Ngaba umntu uye waphindaphinda, iziqendu ezimfutshane zokuphefumla?
• Ngaba isiqendu saphela ngokukhawuleza, nokuphefumla?
• Ngaba isiqephu senzeke ngelixa uvukile okanye ulele?

IMBALI YAKUTSHA

• Ngaba umntu ufumene ingozi okanye wenzakele kutshanje?
• Ukhe wagula lomntu kutshanje?
• Ngaba bekukho ubunzima bokuphefumla ngaphambi kokuphefumla?
• Zeziphi ezinye iimpawu oziqapheleyo?
• Ngawaphi amayeza athatyathwa ngumntu?
• Ngaba umntu usebenzisa iziyobisi zasesitalatweni okanye zokuzonwabisa?

Uvavanyo lokuchonga kunye nonyango olunokwenziwa lunokubandakanya:

• Inkxaso yomoya, kubandakanya ioksijini, ityhubhu yokuphefumla ngomlomo (intubation), kunye nomatshini wokuphefumla (i-ventilator)
• Uvavanyo lwegazi kunye nomchamo
• Ityhubhu yesifuba
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Ukuskena i-CT
• Defibrillation (ukothuka kombane entliziyweni)
  
• I-ECG (i-electrocardiogram, okanye ukulandelwa kwentliziyo)
• Ulwelo ngomthambo (efakwa ngaphakathi okanye IV)
• Amayeza okunyanga iimpawu, kubandakanya ii-antidotes zokuguqula iziphumo zetyhefu okanye ukugqithisa

Ukuphefumla kuncitshisiwe okanye kumisiwe; Akaphefumli; Ukubanjwa ngokuphefumla; Umphunga

UKelly AM. Ezongxamiseko zokuphefumla. Ku: Cameron P, Jelinek G, Kelly AM, Brown A, Little M, ii-eds. Incwadi yezeMpilo yabantu abadala. Ngomhla we-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2015: isahluko 6.

UKurz MC, uNeumar RW. Ukuvuselela abantu abadala. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 8.

Roosevelt GE. Ingxakeko yokuphefumla kwabantwana: izifo zemiphunga. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 169.