Inkqubo yokwetyisa: imisebenzi, amalungu kunye nenkqubo yokwetyisa

Umxholo

• Amalungu enkqubo yokwetyisa
• Kwenzeka njani ukwetyisa
• 1. Ukugonywa kwisisu se-oropharyngeal
• 2. Ukwetyisa isisu
• 3. Ukwetyisa amathumbu amancinci
• Yintoni enokuphazamisa ukwetyisa

Inkqubo yokwetyisa, ekwabizwa ngokuba kukugaya okanye isisu esiswini (SGI) yenye yeenkqubo eziphambili zomzimba womntu kwaye inoxanduva lokuqhubekeka kokutya kunye nokufakwa kwezondlo, ukuvumela ukusebenza ngokukuko komzimba. Le nkqubo inamalungu aliqela, asebenza kunye ukwenza le misebenzi iphambili ilandelayo:

• Khuthaza ukwetyiswa kweeproteni, iikhabhohayidrethi kunye neep lipids kukutya nakwiziselo ezisetyenzisiweyo;
• Ukufunxa ulwelo kunye nee-micronutrients;
• Ukubonelela ngesithintelo somzimba kunye nokuchaphazeleka komzimba kwiintsholongwane, imizimba yamanye amazwe kunye neantigen zityiwe ngokutya.

Ke, i-SGI inoxanduva lokulawula imetabolism kunye ne-immune system, ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kakuhle komzimba.

Amalungu enkqubo yokwetyisa

Inkqubo yokwetyisa yenziwe ngamalungu avumela ukuhanjiswa kokutya okanye isiselo esisengwayo kwaye, apha endleleni, ukufunxwa kwezakhamzimba eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kakuhle komzimba. Le nkqubo isuka emlonyeni iye kwi-anus, kunye namalungu ayo:

1. Umlomo: linoxanduva lokufumana ukutya kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana ukuze akwazi ukwetyiswa kwaye afunxwe ngokulula, ukongeza ekuxubeni kunye namathe;
2. Umqalauxanduva lokuhambisa ukutya kunye nolwelo ukusuka kwisisu somlomo ukuya esiswini;
3. Isisu: idlala indima ebalulekileyo kugcino lwethutyana kunye nokwetyiswa kokutya okutyiweyo;
4. Ndibonise uthando: inoxanduva lokucola ukutya kunye nokufunxwa kokutya kwaye ufumana imfihlo evela kwi-pancreas kunye nesibindi, ezincedisa kule nkqubo;
5. Amathumbu amakhulu: kulapho ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye neelectrolyte kwenzeka. Eli ziko linoxanduva lokugcina okwethutyana iimveliso zokugaya ezisebenza njengeyona nto inokubangela ukuba iintsholongwane zidibane;
6. I-Rectum kunye ne-anus: banoxanduva lolawulo lwenkunkuma.

Ukongeza kumalungu, inkqubo yokwetyisa inee-enzymes ezininzi eziqinisekisa ukwetyiwa kokutya okufanelekileyo, ezona ziphambili zezi:

• I-salivary amylase, okanye i-ptialina, ekhoyo emlonyeni kwaye inoxanduva lokucola kokuqala kwesitashi;
• Pepsin, eyiyeyona enzayim iphambili esiswini kwaye inoxanduva lokuwohloka kweeproteni;
• LipaseEkhoyo esiswini kwaye ikhuthaza ukwetyiswa kokuqala kweepids. Le enzyme ikwafihlwa yipancreas kwaye yenza umsebenzi ofanayo;
• I-Trypsin, Efumaneka emathunjini amancinci kwaye ikhokelela ekonakaleni kwamafutha acid kunye neglycerol.

Uninzi lwezondlo alunakungeniswa kwifomu yazo yendalo ngenxa yobungakanani bazo okanye inyani yokuba azinyibiliki. Ke, inkqubo yokwetyisa inoxanduva lokuguqula la masuntswana makhulu abe ngamasuntswana amancinci, anyibilikayo anokukwazi ukufunxwa ngokukhawuleza, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuveliswa kwee-enzymes ezininzi zokugaya ukutya.

Kwenzeka njani ukwetyisa

Inkqubo yokwetyisa iqala ngokungenisa ukutya okanye isiselo kwaye iphele ngokukhutshwa kwelindle. Ukwetyisa iikhabhohayidrethi kuqala emlonyeni, nangona ukwetyisa kuncinci, ngelixa ukwetyiswa kweeproteni kunye neepids ziqala esiswini. Uninzi lokwetyiswa kweecarbohydrate, iiproteni kunye namafutha zenzeka kwinxalenye yokuqala yamathumbu amancinci.

Ixesha lokugaya ukutya liyahluka ngokwenani elipheleleyo kunye neempawu zokutya okutyiweyo, kwaye kunokuhlala ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezili-12 kwisidlo ngasinye, umzekelo.

1. Ukugonywa kwisisu se-oropharyngeal

Emlonyeni, amazinyo asila kwaye atyumze ukutya okutyiweyo kube ngamaqhekeza amancinci kwaye ikhekhe lokutya elenziweyo limanziswa ngamathe. Ukongeza, kukho ukukhutshwa kwe-enzyme yokwetyisa, amylase amathe okanye iptialin, eqala ukwetyiswa kwesitashi esenza iicarbohydrate. Ukucolwa kwesitashi emlonyeni ngesenzo se-amylase kuncinci kwaye umsebenzi waso uthintelwe esiswini ngenxa yobukho bezinto ezineasidi.

I-bolus idlula kwi-pharynx, phantsi kolawulo lokuzithandela, kunye ne-esophagus, ephantsi kolawulo lokungazibandakanyi, ifike esiswini, apho ixutywe kunye nokukhutshwa kwesisu.

2. Ukwetyisa isisu

Kwisisu, iimfihlo ezivelisiweyo zityebile kwi-hydrochloric acid kunye nee-enzymes kwaye zixutywe nokutya. Kubukho bokutya esiswini, i-pepsin, eyenye ye-enzymes ekhoyo esiswini, ifihliwe ngendlela yayo engasebenziyo (i-pepsinogen) kwaye iguqulwe yenziwa i-pepsin sisenzo sehydrochloric acid. Le enzyme idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwetyisa iiprotein, iguqula ubume bayo kunye nobukhulu bayo. Ukongeza kwimveliso yepepsin, kukwakhona nemveliso, ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci, le-lipase, eyi-enzyme ejongene nokuthotywa kokuqala kweepids.

Iimfihlo zesisu zikwabalulekile ekwandiseni ukufumaneka kwamathumbu kunye nokufakwa kwe-vitamin B12, calcium, iron kunye ne-zinc.

Emva kokulungisa ukutya ngesisu, i-bolus ikhutshwa ngesixa esincinci emathunjini amancinci ngokungqinelana nesisu. Kwimeko yokutya okungamanzi, ukuphuma kwesisu kugcina iiyure ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2, ngelixa ukutya okuqinileyo kuhlala malunga neeyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 kwaye kuyahluka ngokwenani elipheleleyo kunye neempawu zokutya okufakiweyo.

3. Ukwetyisa amathumbu amancinci

Amathumbu amancinci lelona lungu liphambili lokwetyisa kunye nokufunxwa kokutya kunye nezondlo kwaye lahlulwe langamacandelo amathathu: i-duodenum, jejunum kunye neileum. Kwinxalenye yokuqala yamathumbu amancinci, ukwetyisa kunye nokufunxwa kokutya okuninzi okudliwayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokukhuthaza imveliso ye-enzyme ngamathumbu amancinci, ipancreas kunye nenyongo.

I-Bile ifihliwe sisibindi kunye nenyongo kwaye iququzelela ukwetyisa kunye nokufakwa kweep lipids, cholesterol kunye neevithamini ezinyibilika ngamanqatha. Ipancreas inoxanduva lokugcina ii-enzymes ezikwaziyo ukucola zonke izondlo. Ii-enzyme eziveliswa ngamathumbu amancinci zinciphisa ii-carbohydrate ezinobunzima beemolekyuli ezisezantsi kunye neepeptides zobukhulu obuphakathi kunye nobukhulu, ukongeza kwi-triglycerides ehlazanyiswe ekubeni ziiasidi ezinamafutha asimahla kunye ne monoglycerols

Uninzi lwenkqubo yokwetyisa igqityiwe kwi-duodenum nakwinxalenye ephezulu yejejunum, kwaye ukufunxwa kwezinongo ezininzi phantse kube kugqityiwe ngelixa izinto zifikelela embindini wejejunum. Ukungena kokutya okwetyiswe ngokungagungqiyo kukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwehomoni ezininzi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ii-enzymes kunye nolwelo oluphazamisa ukuhambisa kwamathumbu kunye nokuhlutha.

Kuwo onke amathumbu amancinci phantse zonke ii-macronutrients, iivithamini, iiminerali, ukulandelela izinto kunye nolwelo ziyafunxwa ngaphambi kokufika kwikholoni. Ikholoni kunye ne-rectum ifunxa uninzi lolwelo olushiyekileyo ukusuka kumathumbu amancinci. Ikholoni ifunxa ii-electrolyte kunye nenani elincinci lezondlo eziseleyo.

Imicu eseleyo, istatshi esinganyangekiyo, iswekile kunye neeamino acid zivundiswa ngumda webhulashi wekholoni, okukhokelela kufutshane kwamafutha acid kunye negesi. I-fatty-chain fatty acids inceda ukugcina umsebenzi oqhelekileyo we-mucosal, ukukhulula inani elincinci lamandla kwezinye ze-carbohydrate kunye ne-amino acid, kunye nokuququzelela ukufunxwa kwetyuwa namanzi.

Umxholo wamathumbu uthatha iiyure ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-8 ukufikelela kwivelufa ye-ileocecal, esebenza ukunciphisa umda wento yamathumbu edlula emathunjini amancinci iye kwikholoni kwaye ithintele ukubuya kwayo.

Yintoni enokuphazamisa ukwetyisa

Zininzi izinto ezinokuthintela ukwetyisa ekubeni kwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, kukhokelela kwiziphumo kwimpilo yomntu. Ezinye zezinto ezinokuchaphazela ukwetyisa zezi:

• Ubungakanani kunye nokwenziwa kokutya okutyiweyo, Kungenxa yokuba kuxhomekeke kuphawu lokutya, inkqubo yokwetyisa inokuthi ikhawuleze okanye icothe, enokuthi ibe nefuthe kwiimvakalelo zokuhlutha, umzekelo.
• Izinto zengqondo, ezinje ngenkangeleko, ivumba kunye nokungcamla kokutya. Kungenxa yokuba ezi mvakalelo zonyusa ukuveliswa kwamathe kunye nokukhutshwa kwesisu, ukongeza ukuthanda umsebenzi we-SGI, obangela ukuba ukutya kungetyiswa kakuhle kwaye kufakwe. Kwimeko yeemvakalelo ezingalunganga, ezinje ngokoyika kunye nosizi, umzekelo, ukubuyela umva kwenzeka: kukho ukwehla kokukhutshwa kukhuseleko lwesisu kunye nokuncipha kokuhamba kwamathumbu;
• Ugcino lwe-microbiota, enokuthi ihlupheke ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamayeza afana ne-antibiotics, ekunciphiseni ukuxhathisa kwebhakteria, okanye kwiimeko ezikhokelela ekunciphiseni kwimveliso ye-hydrochloric acid ngesisu, esinokubangela i-gastritis.
• Ukulungiswa kokutya, kuba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo ukutya inokuphazamisana nesantya sokwetyisa. Ukutya okuphekiweyo kugaywa ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kunoko kutyiwa kukrwada, umzekelo.

Ukuba uqaphela naziphi na iimpawu ezinxulumene nenkqubo yesisu, ezinje ngegesi egqithileyo, isilungulela, uvakalelo lokuqaqamba esiswini, ukuqhina okanye urhudo, umzekelo, kubalulekile ukuba uye kugqirha wamazinyo uye kuvavanyo olwenziwe ukuze kuchongwe unobangela wesifo iimpawu kwaye uqale unyango olungcono.