Into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokukhubazeka kwengqondo

Umxholo

• Iimpawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Amanqanaba okhubazeko ngokwasengqondweni
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okuphakathi
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okuphakathi
• Ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okunzulu
• Olunye ukhubazeko lwengqondo
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okungachazwanga
• Yintoni ebangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?
• Kufunyaniswa njani ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?
• Unyango ukhetho lokukhubazeka kwengqondo
• Ithini imbono yexesha elide?

Ushwankathelo

Ukuba umntwana wakho ukhubazeke ngengqondo (ID), ingqondo yakhe ayikakhuli kakuhle okanye wenzakele ngandlela thile. Ingqondo yabo isenokungasebenzi kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo kokubini kwengqondo kunye nokusebenza ngokuguqukayo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iingcali zonyango bezisithi le meko “kukudodobala kwengqondo.”

Amanqanaba amane e-ID:

• ithambile
• ngcathu
• kakhulu
• nzulu

Ngamanye amaxesha, i-ID inokuhlelwa njenge:

• "Enye"
• "Ayichazwanga"

I-ID ibandakanya zombini i-IQ esezantsi kunye neengxaki zokuhlengahlengisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kukho ukubakho kokufunda, ukuthetha, intlalo kunye nokukhubazeka komzimba.

Iimeko ezinzima ze-ID zisenokuchongwa kwakamsinya emva kokuzalwa. Nangona kunjalo, usenokungayiqondi into yokuba umntwana wakho unesimo esibi se-ID de ade asilele ukuhlangabezana neenjongo ezifanayo zokukhula. Phantse onke amatyala esazisi afunyaniswa xa umntwana efikelela kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala.

Iimpawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo

Iimpawu ze-ID ziya kwahluka ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lokukhubazeka komntwana wakho kwaye zinokubandakanya:

• ukusilela ekufezekiseni izigaba ezibalulekileyo zengqondo
• ukuhlala, ukukhasa, okanye ukuhamba kamva kunabanye abantwana
• iingxaki zokufunda ukuthetha okanye ingxaki yokuthetha ngokucacileyo
• iingxaki zememori
• ukungakwazi ukuqonda iziphumo zezenzo
• ukungakwazi ukucinga ngokufanelekileyo
• indlela yokuziphatha komntwana engahambelaniyo nobudala bomntwana
• ukungabikho komdla
• ubunzima bokufunda
• IQ engaphantsi kwama-70
• ukungakwazi ukuphila ubomi obuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yemiceli mngeni yokunxibelelana, ukuzikhathalela, okanye ukunxibelelana nabanye

Ukuba umntwana wakho unesazisi, banokufumana le micimbi ilandelayo:

• Ubundlongondlongo
• ukuxhomekeka
• Ukurhoxa kwimisebenzi yoluntu
• Ukuziphatha okufuna ingqalelo
• Uxinzelelo ngexesha lokufikisa kunye nokufikisa
• ukunqongophala kolawulo lwempembelelo
• ukudlula
• utyekelo lokuzenzakalisa
• neenkani
• ukuzijongela phantsi
• unyamezelo oluphantsi lokukhungatheka
• ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo
• ubunzima bokuhlawula

Abanye abantu abane-ID banokuba neempawu ezithile zomzimba. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuba nesiqu esifutshane okanye ukungaqheleki kobuso.

Amanqanaba okhubazeko ngokwasengqondweni

I-ID yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amane, ngokusekwe kwi-IQ yomntwana wakho nakwinqanaba lokuhlengahlengiswa kwezentlalo.

Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okuphakathi

Ezinye zeempawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo kubandakanya:

• ukuthatha ixesha elide ukufunda ukuthetha, kodwa ukunxibelelana kakuhle xa besazi
• ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo ekuzinyamekeleni xa sebekhulile
• unengxaki yokufunda nokubhala
• ukungavuthwa ekuhlaleni
• ubunzima obandayo ngoxanduva lomtshato okanye lokuba ngumzali
• ukuxhamla kwizicwangciso zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa
• ukuba noluhlu lwe-IQ lwama-50 ukuya kuma-69

Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okuphakathi

Ukuba umntwana wakho une-ID ephakathi, banokubonisa ezinye zeempawu ezilandelayo:

• bayacotha ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ulwimi
• unokuba nobunzima kunxibelelwano
• bangafunda izakhono ezisisiseko zokufunda, ukubhala kunye nokubala
• Ngokuqhelekileyo abanako ukuhlala bodwa
• bahlala behamba bodwa kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo
• Ungathatha inxaxheba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni
• ngokubanzi inoluhlu lwe-IQ lwama-35 ukuya kuma-49

Ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwengqondo

Iimpawu ze-ID ezinzima zibandakanya:

• Ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo kwemoto
• umonakalo omkhulu, okanye ukukhula okungaqhelekanga, kwinkqubo yabo ye-nervous system
• ngokubanzi inoluhlu lwe-IQ lwama-20 ukuya kuma-34

Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okunzulu

Iimpawu ze-ID enzulu zibandakanya:

• ukungakwazi ukuqonda okanye ukuthobela izicelo okanye imiyalelo
• ukungakwazi ukuhamba
• ukungakwazi ukuzibamba
• unxibelelwano olusisiseko olungasebenzisi ntetho
• ukungakwazi ukunyamekela iimfuno zabo ngokuzimeleyo
• isidingo soncedo rhoqo kunye nokujongwa
• ukuba ne-IQ engaphantsi kwama-20

Olunye ukhubazeko lwengqondo

Abantu abakolu luhlu bahlala bekhubazekile ngokomzimba, bengeva kakuhle, bengathethi, okanye bekhubazekile emzimbeni. Ezi zinto zinokuthintela ugqirha womntwana wakho ekuqhubeni iimvavanyo zokuhlola.

Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okungachazwanga

Ukuba umntwana wakho une-ID engachazwanga, baya kubonisa iimpawu ze-ID, kodwa ugqirha wabo akanalo ulwazi olwaneleyo lokufumanisa inqanaba labo lokukhubazeka.

Yintoni ebangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?

Oogqirha abanakuhlala bechonga unobangela othile we-ID, kodwa izizathu ze-ID zinokubandakanya:

• ukwenzakala ngaphambi kokuzalwa, njengosulelo okanye ukubhencwa etywaleni, iziyobisi, okanye ezinye iityhefu
• ukwenzakala ngexesha lokuzalwa, njengokuncitshiswa kweoksijini okanye ukuhanjiswa kwangoko
• Ukuphazamiseka kwilifa, njengephenylketonuria (PKU) okanye isifo seTay-Sachs
• Ukuchaphazeleka kwe-chromosome, njenge-Down syndrome
• lead okanye mercury ityhefu
• ukungondleki kakhulu okanye eminye imiba yokutya
• iimeko ezinzima zokugula kwabantwana abancinci, njengokukhohlela, imasisi, okanye i-meningitis
• ukwenzakala kwengqondo

Kufunyaniswa njani ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?

Ukuchongwa nge-ID, umntwana wakho kufuneka abe nezakhono ezingaphantsi komndilili kunye nezimo eziguqukayo. Ugqirha womntwana wakho uya kwenza uvavanyo lwenxalenye ezintathu olubandakanya:

• udliwanondlebe nawe
• ukuqaphela komntwana wakho
• iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo

Umntwana wakho uya kunikwa uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lobukrelekrele, olufana novavanyo lweStanford-Binet Intelligence. Oku kuya kunceda ugqirha amisele i-IQ yomntwana wakho.

Ugqirha unokuphinda enze ezinye iimvavanyo ezinje ngeVineland Adaptive Behaeve Scales. Olu vavanyo lubonelela ngovavanyo lwezakhono zokuphila zemihla ngemihla zomntwana wakho kunye nezakhono zentlalo, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abantwana abakwiminyaka efanayo.

Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba abantwana abavela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nakwimo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo banokwenza ngokwahlukileyo kwezi mvavanyo. Ukwenza uxilongo, ugqirha womntwana wakho uya kuqaphela iziphumo zovavanyo, udliwanondlebe nawe, kunye nokuqwalaselwa komntwana wakho.

Inkqubo yovavanyo yomntwana wakho inokubandakanya ukutyelelwa ziingcali, ezinokubandakanya:

• ugqirha wengqondo
• intetho yezifo
• unontlalontle
• wezifo zemithambo-luvo
• Uphuhliso lwabantwana
• ugqirha womzimba

Iimvavanyo zaselebhu kunye nokucinga zinokwenziwa. Oku kunokunceda ugqirha womntwana wakho abone ukuphazamiseka komzimba kunye nemfuza, kunye neengxaki zokwakheka kwengqondo yomntwana wakho.

Ezinye iimeko, ezinje ngokuphulukana nokuva, ukuphazamiseka ekufundeni, ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo, kunye neengxaki zemvakalelo nazo zinokubangela ukukhula okucothayo. Ugqirha womntwana wakho kufuneka alawule le miqathango ngaphambi kokuchonga umntwana wakho nge-ID.

Wena, isikolo somntwana wakho, kunye nogqirha wakho uya kusebenzisa iziphumo zolu vavanyo kunye novavanyo ukuphuhlisa unyango kunye nesicwangciso semfundo somntwana wakho.

Unyango ukhetho lokukhubazeka kwengqondo

Umntwana wakho uya kudinga ingcebiso eqhubekayo ukubanceda bamelane nokukhubazeka kwabo.

Uya kufumana isicwangciso senkonzo yosapho esichaza iimfuno zomntwana wakho. Esi sicwangciso siza kuthi sichaze iinkcukacha ngeenkonzo eziya kufunwa ngumntwana wakho ukumnceda kuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo. Izidingo zosapho lwakho nazo ziya kuqwalaselwa kwesi sicwangciso.

Xa umntwana wakho ekulungele ukuya esikolweni, kuya kubekwa iNkqubo yeMfundo eyahlukeneyo (i-IEP) ukubanceda kwiimfuno zabo zemfundo. Bonke abantwana abanezazisi baxhamla kwimfundo eyodwa.

I-federal Individual Disability Act (IDEA) ifuna ukuba izikolo zikarhulumente zibonelele ngemfundo yasimahla nefanelekileyo kubantwana abane-ID kunye nokunye ukukhubazeka.

Eyona njongo iphambili yonyango kukunceda umntwana wakho afikelele kwinqanaba elipheleleyo ngokwemiqathango:

• imfundo
• izakhono zentlalo
• izakhono zobomi

Unyango lunokubandakanya:

• unyango lokuziphatha
• unyango lomsebenzi
• iingcebiso
• amayeza, kwezinye iimeko

Ithini imbono yexesha elide?

Xa i-ID isenzeka kunye nezinye iingxaki zomzimba ezinzulu, umntwana wakho unokuphila ixesha elingaphantsi komndilili. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntwana wakho une-ID emnene ukuya kumodareyitha, baya kuba nexesha lokuphila eliqhelekileyo.

Xa umntwana wakho ekhula, banokukwazi ukusebenza umsebenzi ogcwalisa inqanaba labo le-ID, baphile ngokuzimeleyo, kwaye bazixhase.

Iinkonzo zenkxaso ziyafumaneka ukunceda abantu abadala abane-ID baphile ngokuzimeleyo kwaye banelise ubomi.